Phase relations in the calcium carbonate/ammonium phosphate system under aqueous conditions and 25°C

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3837-3850
Author(s):  
Magdalena Balonis ◽  
Xiao Ma ◽  
Ioanna Kakoulli
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Phase Relations ◽  
Aqueous Conditions ◽  
Phosphate System

Observations on the mineral metabolism of pullets. II

1936 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Common
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Mineral Metabolism ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Phosphorus Metabolism ◽  
Phosphorus Excretion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Digestible Protein

1. Where heavy phosphorus excretion accompanies egg laying in the pullet the excretion of ammonia nitrogen is simultaneously increased. It is probable that this indicates an excretion of excess phosphate in the urine as ammonium phosphate.2. It is shown that heavy phosphorus excretion does not accompany egg laying provided the calcium carbonate intake is sufficiently high.3. The origin of the excess of phosphorus excretion is discussed in relation to calcium-phosphorus metabolism.4. Pullets on a ration containing 5 per cent, calcium carbonate laid eggs containing a higher percentage of P2O5 than pullets receiving a similar ration but from which the calcium carbonate supplement was omitted.5. Some evidence is put forward in support of the view that current standards pitch the requirements of digestible protein for egg production at too high a level.

scholarly journals La Alcalinidad Y La Nitrificación En Una Laguna Aireada A Escala Piloto

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (36) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Agustín Leiva Pérez ◽  
Edison Macías Andrade ◽  
Joffre A. Andrade Candell ◽  
Ana M. Aveiga Ortiz ◽  
Sergio S. Alcívar Pinargote
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Nitrification Process ◽  
The Relationship

It was studied the relationship among means alkalinity concentration as calcium carbonate, and the nitrification process in an aerated oxidation lagoon in batch and pilot scale (1,72 m3 as total volume and 1,46 m3 as effective one) working on a residual synthetic liquid, elaborated with base in sucrose, sulfate and ammonium phosphate. The results demonstrated that when being increased the initial alkalinity in the range from 120 to 360 mg CaCO3/dm3, the nitrification process efficiency increased significantly until the surroundings of the 86%, decreasing when being this with smaller and bigger values that said range. The dissolved oxygen concentration stayed around 4,3 mg/dm3, belonging together with the aerobic character of the microorganisms for nitrification (Nitrosomona and Nitrobacter). The initial concentration of total nitrogen in each one of the 14 processes batch was 38 mg/dm3 and the same one went down to minimum values around 4,56 mg/dm3.

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Infection Stones

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T Gomella ◽  
Patrick W Mufarrij
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium ◽  
Treatment Of Infection

Infection stones are a well-known clinical entity that can cause significant long-term morbidity and even mortality if not treated appropriately. Infection stones are primarily composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate apatite. These stones form in alkaline urine containing ammonium. This environment is generated by infection with urease-producing organisms. Definitive treatment is aimed at removal of all stone. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is typically the procedure of choice. Medical therapy can be used as an adjunct to surgery or as primary treatment in patients who are not surgical candidates. This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 72 references Key words: Infection stone; struvite; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; urease; dissolution therapy; magnesium ammonium phosphate; calcium carbonate apatite

scholarly journals Studies in the fat metabolism of the timothy grass bacillus

1922 ◽  
Vol 93 (652) ◽  
pp. 262-280 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Potassium Phosphate ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Tubercle Bacillus ◽  
Unicellular Organism ◽  
Nutritive Medium ◽  
Timothy Grass ◽  
Vertebrate Tissue ◽  
The One

Studies in fat metabolism have hitherto been chiefly carried out on highly specialised vertebrate tissue. By making investigations on a unicellular organism, more susceptible of laboratory control, two objects were in view: (1) to trace the stages by which the long straight chains of the fatty acid molecules are built up from the constituents of the nutritive medium; (2) to follow the circumstances and course of their subsequent breakdown. The Timothy grass bacillus was the organism selected, on account of (1) its high content of fat, and (2) its relationship to the tubercle bacillus, any facts substantiated by study of the one probably helping to throw light on the chemical habits of the other. Methods of Culture and Analysis. The medium employed contained inorganic salts in the following proportions:— Potassium phosphate (K 2 HPO 4 ) .................. 0⋅1 grm, per 100 c. c. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO 4 ⋅7H 2 O) .......... 0⋅07 grm, per 100 c. c. Ammonium phosphate (Am 2 HPO 4 ) .......... 0⋅4 grm. per 100 c. c. Calcium carbonate ...................................... excess. together with traces (about 0⋅006 grm. per 100 cubic centimetres) of sodium chloride, introduced when the organism was sown. The calcium carbonate was used to maintain the P H of the medium at a constant value, namely, about 8⋅0. The ammonium salt formed the only source of nitrogen. The source of carbon varied with different experiments and will be discussed later; nothing more complex than glucose was employed.

Validation of the infrared spectroscopy method for analysis of the composition of urine concretes

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 733-738
Author(s):  
V. I. Smirnova ◽  
S. V. Lapin ◽  
D. G. Lebedev ◽  
V. L. Emanuel ◽  
K. A. Malyshkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Ir Spectroscopy ◽  
Calcium Oxalate ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Spectroscopy Method ◽  
Mixed Composition ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate

The aim of this study was to validate the method for analyzing the composition of calculus using infrared (IR) spectroscopy by studying model mixtures of salts. Study was made with an ALPHA-P IR Fourier spectrometer with OPUS software (Bruker, Germany). The samples of pure chemical salts manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich USA were used to validate the method. Salt mixtures were prepared in ratios of 10/90, 50/50 and 90/10. To assess the effect of the fraction size on the calculus component results, were used calculi of patients with urolithiasis. For each mixture were used 10 repeated measurements. Analysis of the composition of model salts showed that in the study of pure cystine salt CV(%) was 0,79%, calcium carbonate - 0,92%, sodium urate - 0,97%, calcium oxalate monohydrate - 4,94%, magnesium ammonium phosphate - 5,59%. And the most common components were analyzed in the composition of complex mixtures, including 90%, 50% and 10% of the investigated component. Calcium oxalate monohydrate has CV(%) 5.70% in mixture 9 part of it to one part of impurities, in mixture 50/50 - 21.57% and in 10/90 - 5.70%. For uric acid in 90/10 - 2.20%, in 50/50 - 10.09%, in 10/90 - 31.94%. For calcium carbonate in 90/10 - 9.02%, in 50/50 - 11.98%, in 10/90 - 24.70%. The dispersion analysis showed that the weighed portions of salts with a particle diameter of more than 0.8 mm provide reproducibility with a CV - 11.48%, with a diameter of 0.2-0.8 mm - 5.35%, and finally less than 0.1 mm - 2.28%. The accuracy of the method is high, but the reproducibility of the IR-spectroscopy method is relatively low in the analysis of stones of mixed composition, due to the greater error in the determination of impurities. Laboratories should pay special attention to optimizing sample preparation to ensure particle fineness less than 0.1 mm.

Covering dairy slurry stores with hydrophobic fertilisers reduces greenhouse gases and other polluting gas emissions

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naohisa Sakamoto ◽  
Masayuki Tani ◽  
Ian A. Navarrete ◽  
Masanori Koike ◽  
Kazutaka Umetsu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
High Activity ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Reduction Of Emissions ◽  
Nutritional Constituents

The objectives of this study were to verify the effects of using various types of hydrophobic fertilisers to cover dairy slurry on polluting gas emissions and to evaluate the mechanisms by which the reduction of emissions occurred. The hydrophobic fertilisers were prepared by mixing finely ground chemical fertilisers (SP, superphosphate; CC, calcium carbonate; and AP + AS, a mixture of ammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate) with hydrophobic silica (8% w/w) to make the cover moisture-proof and thus able to float on the slurry. Laboratory trials were carried out for 13 days using a pilot scale device. The cumulative volumes of the NH3 and CH4 gases emitted from the digested slurry were considerably higher than those from the raw slurry. In contrast, the volumes of CO2 and H2S gases emitted from the digested slurry were lower than those from the raw slurry. Nitrous oxide was not detected in the present study. The hydrophobic fertilisers composed of SP and AP + AS remarkably reduced the NH3 and CH4 emissions from the digested slurry. None of the fertilisers had an effect on the emissions of CO2 from the raw slurry, but when the digested slurry was covered with the SP and AP + AS fertilisers, an increase in the cumulative volumes of CO2 emissions was induced compared with the control slurry (uncovered), probably due to the relatively high activity of methane-oxidising bacteria. The CC and SP fertilisers were able to reduce the H2S emissions from the raw dairy slurry. The effect of the novel covers on greenhouse gas and other polluting gas emissions varied with the types of chemical fertilisers, depending on acidity or alkalinity, solubility, and the ability to adsorb these gases. The partial dissolution of the nutritional constituents under the hydrophobic fertiliser covering produced changes in the fermentation process of the dairy slurry during storage and consequent gas emissions.

Pathophysiology and Treatment of Infection Stones

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T Gomella ◽  
Patrick W Mufarrij
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Definitive Treatment ◽  
Carbonate Apatite ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Magnesium Ammonium ◽  
Treatment Of Infection

Infection stones are a well-known clinical entity that can cause significant long-term morbidity and even mortality if not treated appropriately. Infection stones are primarily composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate and calcium carbonate apatite. These stones form in alkaline urine containing ammonium. This environment is generated by infection with urease-producing organisms. Definitive treatment is aimed at removal of all stone. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is typically the procedure of choice. Medical therapy can be used as an adjunct to surgery or as primary treatment in patients who are not surgical candidates. This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 72 references Key words: Infection stone; struvite; percutaneous nephrolithotomy; urease; dissolution therapy; magnesium ammonium phosphate; calcium carbonate apatite

A TEM study of the microstructure of avian eggshells

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1102-1103
Author(s):  
S. Q. Xiao ◽  
S. Baden ◽  
A. H. Heuer
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Shell Surface ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Polycrystalline Metals ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms

The avian eggshell is one of the most rapidly mineralizing biological systems known. In situ, 5g of calcium carbonate are crystallized in less than 20 hrs to fabricate the shell. Although there have been much work about the formation of eggshells, controversy about the nucleation and growth mechanisms of the calcite crystals, and their texture in the eggshell, still remain unclear. In this report the microstructure and microchemistry of avian eggshells have been analyzed using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).Fresh white and dry brown eggshells were broken and fixed in Karnosky's fixative (kaltitanden) for 2 hrs, then rinsed in distilled H2O. Small speckles of the eggshells were embedded in Spurr medium and thin sections were made ultramicrotome.The crystalline part of eggshells are composed of many small plate-like calcite grains, whose plate normals are approximately parallel to the shell surface. The sizes of the grains are about 0.3×0.3×1 μm3 (Fig.l). These grains are not as closely packed as man-made polycrystalline metals and ceramics, and small gaps between adjacent grains are visible indicating the absence of conventional grain boundaries.

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