scholarly journals RNA interference in mosquito: understanding immune responses, double-stranded RNA delivery systems and potential applications in vector control

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Balakrishna Pillai ◽  
U. Nagarajan ◽  
A. Mitra ◽  
U. Krishnan ◽  
S. Rajendran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Potential Applications

Nanoparticle delivery systems for siRNA-based therapeutics

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (41) ◽  
pp. 6620-6639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinming Li ◽  
Shanshan Xue ◽  
Zong-Wan Mao
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Regulatory Process ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Nanoparticle Delivery ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing

RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring endogenous regulatory process in which the short double-stranded RNA causes sequence-specific post-transcriptional gene silencing.

scholarly journals The Role of Micrornas in Genome Response to Plant–Lepidoptera Interaction

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Katarína Ražná ◽  
Ľudovít Cagáň
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Rna Molecules

RNA interference is a known phenomenon of plant immune responses, involving the regulation of gene expression. The key components triggering the silencing of targeted sequences are double-stranded RNA molecules. The regulation of host–pathogen interactions is controlled by miRNA molecules, which regulate the expression of host resistance genes or the genes of the pathogen. The review focused on basic principles of RNA interference as a gene-silencing-based defense mechanism and the role of miRNA molecules in insect genomes. RNA interference as a tool for plant protection management is discussed. The review summarizes current miRNA-based biotechnology approaches for plant protection management.

scholarly journals Engineered symbionts activate honey bee immunity and limit pathogens

Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (6477) ◽  
pp. 573-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sean P. Leonard ◽  
J. Elijah Powell ◽  
Jiri Perutka ◽  
Peng Geng ◽  
Luke C. Heckmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Honey Bees ◽  
Host Gene Expression ◽  
Colony Losses ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Bee Health ◽  
Rnai Response

Honey bees are essential pollinators threatened by colony losses linked to the spread of parasites and pathogens. Here, we report a new approach for manipulating bee gene expression and protecting bee health. We engineered a symbiotic bee gut bacterium, Snodgrassella alvi, to induce eukaryotic RNA interference (RNAi) immune responses. We show that engineered S. alvi can stably recolonize bees and produce double-stranded RNA to activate RNAi and repress host gene expression, thereby altering bee physiology, behavior, and growth. We used this approach to improve bee survival after a viral challenge, and we show that engineered S. alvi can kill parasitic Varroa mites by triggering the mite RNAi response. This symbiont-mediated RNAi approach is a tool for studying bee functional genomics and potentially for safeguarding bee health.

scholarly journals Intracellular Routing and Recognition of Lipid-Based mRNA Nanoparticles

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 945
Author(s):  
Christophe Delehedde ◽  
Luc Even ◽  
Patrick Midoux ◽  
Chantal Pichon ◽  
Federico Perche
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Transient Expression ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
Lipid Nanoparticles ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Mrna Sequence ◽  
Cytoplasmic Expression

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is being extensively used in gene therapy and vaccination due to its safety over DNA, in the following ways: its lack of integration risk, cytoplasmic expression, and transient expression compatible with fine regulations. However, clinical applications of mRNA are limited by its fast degradation by nucleases, and the activation of detrimental immune responses. Advances in mRNA applications, with the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines, were fueled by optimization of the mRNA sequence and the development of mRNA delivery systems. Although delivery systems and mRNA sequence optimization have been abundantly reviewed, understanding of the intracellular processing of mRNA is mandatory to improve its applications. We will focus on lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as they are the most advanced nanocarriers for the delivery of mRNA. Here, we will review how mRNA therapeutic potency can be affected by its interactions with cellular proteins and intracellular distribution.

scholarly journals Viroids as a Tool to Study RNA-Directed DNA Methylation in Plants

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1187
Author(s):  
Michael Wassenegger ◽  
Athanasios Dalakouras
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Gene Silencing ◽  
Plant Cells ◽  
Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Rnai Machinery ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽  
Cumulative Amount

Viroids are plant pathogenic, circular, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs). Members of the Pospiviroidae family replicate in the nucleus of plant cells through double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) intermediates, thus triggering the host’s RNA interference (RNAi) machinery. In plants, the two RNAi pillars are Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) and RNA-directed DNA Methylation (RdDM), and the latter has the potential to trigger Transcriptional Gene Silencing (TGS). Over the last three decades, the employment of viroid-based systems has immensely contributed to our understanding of both of these RNAi facets. In this review, we highlight the role of Pospiviroidae in the discovery of RdDM, expound the gradual elucidation through the years of the diverse array of RdDM’s mechanistic details and propose a revised RdDM model based on the cumulative amount of evidence from viroid and non-viroid systems.

scholarly journals Analysis of maxillopedia Expression Pattern and Larval Cuticular Phenotype in Wild-Type and Mutant Tribolium

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 721-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa D Shippy ◽  
Jianhua Guo ◽  
Susan J Brown ◽  
Richard W Beeman ◽  
Robin E Denell
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Tribolium Castaneum ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Homeotic Gene ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Double Stranded Rna ◽  
Similar Expression ◽  
Mutant Phenotypes

Abstract The Tribolium castaneum homeotic gene maxillopedia (mxp) is the ortholog of Drosophila proboscipedia (pb). Here we describe and classify available mxp alleles. Larvae lacking all mxp function die soon after hatching, exhibiting strong transformations of maxillary and labial palps to legs. Hypomorphic mxp alleles produce less severe transformations to leg. RNA interference with maxillopedia double-stranded RNA results in phenocopies of mxp mutant phenotypes ranging from partial to complete transformations. A number of gain-of-function (GOF) mxp alleles have been isolated based on transformations of adult antennae and/or legs toward palps. Finally, we have characterized the mxp expression pattern in wild-type and mutant embryos. In normal embryos, mxp is expressed in the maxillary and labial segments, whereas ectopic expression is observed in some GOF variants. Although mxp and Pb display very similar expression patterns, pb null embryos develop normally. The mxp mutant larval phenotype in Tribolium is consistent with the hypothesis that an ancestral pb-like gene had an embryonic function that was lost in the lineage leading to Drosophila.

Immune responses of porcine airway epithelial cells to poly(I:C), a synthetic analogue of viral double-stranded RNA

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-qin Yang ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
Hai-tao Li ◽  
Di Liu
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Digital Gene Expression ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Synthetic Analogue ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Transcriptional Responses ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

Yang, X.-q., Wang, L., Li, H.-t. and Liu, D. 2015. Immune responses of porcine airway epithelial cells to poly(I:C), a synthetic analogue of viral double-stranded RNA. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 13–20. Swine respiratory disease (SRD) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the pig industry. The main infectious agents that cause SRD are viruses, but the molecular pathogenesis of viral SRD has not been extensively studied. Here, using digital gene expression tag profiling, the global transcriptional responses to poly(I:C), a synthetic analogue of viral double-stranded RNA, was analyzed in porcine airway epithelial cells (PAECs). The profiling analysis revealed numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including unknown sequences in the porcine nucleotide databases. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in response to stress (GO: 0006950), of which, defense response is one sub-process. Poly(I:C) challenge induced a general inflammation response as indicated by marked upregulation of a variety of pathogen recognition receptors, interferon-stimulated genes, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, together with the significant downregulation of anti-inflammatory molecules. Furthermore, the antiapoptotic pathway was triggered, as demonstrated by the significant suppression of molecules involved in the induction of apoptosis, together with the significant stimulation of putative inhibitor of apoptosis. The results indicate that PAECs initiated defense against poly(I:C) challenge through the inflammation responses, whereas poly(I:C) can utilize antiapoptotic pathway to evade host defense.

scholarly journals Computational Design of Antiviral RNA Interference Strategies That Resist Human Immunodeficiency Virus Escape

2005 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1645-1654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua N. Leonard ◽  
David V. Schaffer
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Rna Interference ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Computational Design ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Target Sequence ◽  
Therapeutic Success ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT Recently developed antiviral strategies based upon RNA interference (RNAi), which harnesses an innate cellular system for the targeted down-regulation of gene expression, appear highly promising and offer alternative approaches to conventional highly active antiretroviral therapy or efforts to develop an AIDS vaccine. However, RNAi is faced with several challenges that must be overcome to fully realize its promise. Specifically, it degrades target RNA in a highly sequence-specific manner and is thus susceptible to viral mutational escape, and there are also challenges in delivery systems to induce RNAi. To aid in the development of anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) RNAi therapies, we have developed a novel stochastic computational model that simulates in molecular-level detail the propagation of an HIV infection in cells expressing RNAi. The model provides quantitative predictions on how targeting multiple locations in the HIV genome, while keeping the overall RNAi strength constant, significantly improves efficacy. Furthermore, it demonstrates that delivery systems must be highly efficient to preclude leaving reservoirs of unprotected cells where the virus can propagate, mutate, and eventually overwhelm the entire system. It also predicts how therapeutic success depends upon a relationship between RNAi strength and delivery efficiency and uniformity. Finally, targeting an essential viral element, in this case the HIV TAR region, can be highly successful if the RNAi target sequence is correctly selected. In addition to providing specific predictions for how to optimize a clinical therapy, this system may also serve as a future tool for investigating more fundamental questions of viral evolution.

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