scholarly journals Development of coagulation disorders, malnutrition, and anaemia and duration of virus shedding in COVID‐19: Implications for disease mechanism and management

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Huang ◽  
Peipei Liang ◽  
Yuanhong Xu ◽  
Aman Xu ◽  
Zhijian Wei
Keyword(s):  
Coagulation Disorders ◽  
Disease Mechanism ◽  
Virus Shedding

H1N1 Virus Shedding Can Last Beyond 1 Week

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (17) ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
MITCHEL L. ZOLER
Keyword(s):  
H1n1 Virus ◽  
Virus Shedding

Clinical Factors Associated with Progression to AIDS in the Italian Cohort of HIV-Positive Hemophiliacs

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (01) ◽  
pp. 033-038 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Schinaia ◽  
A M G Ghirardini ◽  
M G Mazzucconi ◽  
G Tagariello ◽  
M Morfini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Clotting Factor ◽  
Coagulation Disorders ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Congenital Coagulation Disorders ◽  
Clotting Factor Concentrates

SummaryThis study updates estimates of the cumulative incidence of AIDS among Italian patients with congenital coagulation disorders (mostly hemophiliacs), and elucidates the role of age at seroconversion, type and amount of replacement therapy, and HBV co-infection in progression. Information was collected both retrospectively and prospectively on 767 HIV-1 positive patients enrolled in the on-going national registry of patients with congenital coagulation disorders. The seroconversion date was estimated as the median point of each patient’s seroconversion interval, under a Weibull distribution applied to the overall interval. The independence of factors associated to faster progression was assessed by multivariate analysis. The cumulative incidence of AIDS was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis at 17.0% (95% Cl = 14.1-19.9%) over an 8-year period for Italian hemophiliacs. Patients with age greater than or equal to 35 years exhibited the highest cumulative incidence of AIDS over the same time period, 32.5% (95% Cl = 22.2-42.8%). Factor IX recipients (i.e. severe B hemophiliacs) had higher cumulative incidence of AIDS (23.3% vs 14.2%, p = 0.01) than factor VIII recipients (i.e. severe A hemophiliacs), as did severe A hemophiliacs on less-than-20,000 IU/yearly of plasma-derived clotting factor concentrates, as opposed to A hemophiliacs using an average of more than 20,000 IU (18.8% vs 10.9%, p = 0.02). No statistically significant difference in progression was observed between HBsAg-positive vs HBsAg-negative hemophiliacs (10.5% vs 16.4%, p = 0.10). Virological, immunological or both reasons can account for such findings, and should be investigated from the laboratory standpoint.

Oral SARS-CoV-2 Inoculation Establishes Subclinical Respiratory Infection with Virus Shedding in Golden Syrian Hamsters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Chak-Yiu Lee ◽  
Anna Jinxia Zhang ◽  
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan ◽  
Can Li ◽  
Zhimeng Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infection ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Syrian Hamsters

scholarly journals Effect of cat litters on feline coronavirus infection of cell culture and cats

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Addie ◽  
Lene Houe ◽  
Kirsty Maitland ◽  
Giuseppe Passantino ◽  
Nicola Decaro
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Real Life ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Virus Load ◽  
Fuller’S Earth ◽  
Feline Coronavirus

Objectives Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is caused by infection with feline coronavirus (FCoV). FCoV is incredibly contagious and transmission is via the faecal–oral route. FCoV infection, and therefore FIP, is most common in breeder and rescue catteries, where many cats are kept indoors, using litter trays. Whether it is possible to break the cycle of FCoV infection and reinfection using cat litters has never been investigated. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of cat litters on FCoV infectivity and virus load in multi-cat households, and transmission frequency. Methods Fifteen cat litters were mixed and incubated with FCoV, centrifuged and the supernatants tested in vitro for the ability to prevent virus infection of cell culture. To test applicability of in vitro results to real life, virus load was measured in two households in a double crossover study of four Fuller’s earth-based cat litters by testing rectal swabs using FCoV reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR. Results Four litters abrogated FCoV infection of cell culture, nine reduced it to a greater or lesser extent and two had no effect. One brand had different virus inhibitory properties depending on where it was manufactured. Fuller’s earth-based litters performed best, presumably by adsorbing virus. In the field study, there appeared to be less virus shedding on one Fuller’s earth-based cat litter. Conclusions and relevance The in vitro study successfully identified cat litters that inactivate FCoV; such litters exist so do not need to be developed. Fuller’s earth-based litters best prevented infection of cell culture, but did not completely abrogate FCoV transmission in two multi-cat households. A dust-free clumping Fuller’s earth litter appeared to fare best, but virus shedding also varied on the control litters, complicating interpretation. Sawdust-based cat litters are not useful in FCoV-endemic households because they track badly and have a poor effect on virus infection.

scholarly journals Dose-dependent response to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model and evidence of protective immunity

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Ryan ◽  
Kevin R. Bewley ◽  
Susan A. Fotheringham ◽  
Gillian S. Slack ◽  
Phillip Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Dose Titration ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Titration Study

AbstractThere is a vital need for authentic COVID-19 animal models to enable the pre-clinical evaluation of candidate vaccines and therapeutics. Here we report a dose titration study of SARS-CoV-2 in the ferret model. After a high (5 × 106 pfu) and medium (5 × 104 pfu) dose of virus is delivered, intranasally, viral RNA shedding in the upper respiratory tract (URT) is observed in 6/6 animals, however, only 1/6 ferrets show similar signs after low dose (5 × 102 pfu) challenge. Following sequential culls pathological signs of mild multifocal bronchopneumonia in approximately 5–15% of the lung is seen on day 3, in high and medium dosed groups. Ferrets re-challenged, after virus shedding ceased, are fully protected from acute lung pathology. The endpoints of URT viral RNA replication & distinct lung pathology are observed most consistently in the high dose group. This ferret model of SARS-CoV-2 infection presents a mild clinical disease.

scholarly journals Protection against the New Equine Influenza Virus Florida Clade I Outbreak Strain Provided by a Whole Inactivated Virus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Sylvia Reemers ◽  
Sander van Bommel ◽  
Qi Cao ◽  
David Sutton ◽  
Saskia van de Zande
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Vaccine ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Field Strain ◽  
Equine Influenza Virus ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Equine Influenza ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
High Level

Equine influenza virus (EIV) is a major cause of respiratory disease in horses. Vaccination is an effective tool for infection control. Although various EIV vaccines are widely available, major outbreaks occurred in Europe in 2018 involving a new EIV H3N8 FC1 strain. In France, it was reported that both unvaccinated and vaccinated horses were affected despite >80% vaccination coverage and most horses being vaccinated with a vaccine expressing FC1 antigen. This study assessed whether vaccine type, next to antigenic difference between vaccine and field strain, plays a role. Horses were vaccinated with an ISCOMatrix-adjuvanted, whole inactivated virus vaccine (Equilis Prequenza) and experimentally infected with the new FC1 outbreak strain. Serology (HI), clinical signs, and virus shedding were evaluated in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated horses. Results showed a significant reduction in clinical signs and a lack of virus shedding in vaccinated horses compared to unvaccinated controls. From these results, it can be concluded that Equilis Prequenza provides a high level of protection to challenge with the new FC1 outbreak strain. This suggests that, apart from antigenic differences between vaccine and field strain, other aspects of the vaccine may also play an important role in determining field efficacy.

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