Age‐related changes in gait speeds and asymmetry during circular gait and straight‐line gait in older individuals aged 60–79 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya Hirono ◽  
Tome Ikezoe ◽  
Momoko Yamagata ◽  
Takehiro Kato ◽  
Jun Umehara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Individuals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Age Related Changes

scholarly journals Age-related changes of neutrophil characteristics, potential of activation, DNA release and NET formation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Krall ◽  
Lisa-Marie Mauracher ◽  
Johanna Roiss ◽  
Lena Hell ◽  
Anna S Ondracek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Release Assay ◽  
Dna Release ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Background: Neutrophils are a heterogeneous population of leukocytes, which can be subdivided into high and low density neutrophils (HDNs/LDNs). They are known to fight intruders with different mechanisms, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which have also been associated with thrombosis. Risks of infection and thrombosis increase with age. Differences in neutrophil subpopulations and functionality have been shown in various disease states, but investigations in healthy subjects and their dependence on age are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes in neutrophils regarding neutrophil subpopulations, their potential of activation, DNA release and NET formation.Methods: Neutrophil subpopulations (HDNs and LDNs) were isolated from 25 healthy individuals subdivided into 3 groups (<45 years, n=8; 45-54, n=9; >54, n=8). Neutrophil characteristics, potential of activation and the ability of NET formation was investigated using flow cytometry. Externalisation of DNA was detected by a DNA release assay.Results: HDN and LDN counts did not differ between age-groups. However, with increasing age we observed a shift in neutrophil subpopulations towards a lower amount of mature LDNs, characterized by their expression of membrane receptors CD62L and CD16. Upon stimulation, neutrophils of older individuals showed significantly higher release of DNA. HDNs of younger participants increased activation markers (CD66b and CD11b) to a higher extent compared to those of older individualsConclusion: Neutrophils and their ability of activation, DNA release and NET formation change with age and this might contribute to the higher risk of infection and thrombosis at advanced age. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance and necessity of age-matching in studies that focus on neutrophil characteristics.

Longitudinal studies on human schistosomiasis

1988 ◽  
Vol 321 (1207) ◽  
pp. 495-511 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Human Schistosomiasis ◽  
Slow Development ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Slow Decline ◽  
Age Related Changes

A major difficulty in understanding the epidemiology of human schistosomiasis has been to distinguish between acquired immunity and reduced exposure as possible reasons for an observed decline, in older individuals, of levels of superinlection or of reinfection after chemotherapy. A series of studies of Schistosoma mansoni infections in Kenya has been undertaken to approach this problem, by investigation of intensities of reinfection after treatment of individuals whose levels of contact with contaminated water is subsequently observed. Intensities of reinfection are highest among younger children, thereafter declining sharply. This decline can be attributed only in part to age-related changes in the duration and nature of exposure; there is also evidence for the development of an acquired resistance to reinfection that is dependent both on age and on previous experience of infection, and that may be immunologically mediated. Evidence has been obtained that the slow development of this acquired immunity with age may be associated with the early development and subsequent slow decline of inappropriate immune responses that ‘block' the effect of potentially protective responses. Implications of these findings for immunological intervention through vaccination are discussed.

Effects of aging on intestinal lipid absorption

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G6 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Holt ◽  
J. A. Balint
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Lipid Digestion ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Intercurrent Illness ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Age Related Changes

Because of the "graying" of the population there is increasing interest in age-related changes in organ physiology. Impairment of lipid absorption, if present, could lead to malnutrition in the elderly while increased uptake of cholesterol could contribute to the rise in serum cholesterol levels seen in older individuals. This review critically analyzes the available information on age-related changes in digestive and absorptive physiology of lipids. Overall, the data suggest that lipid digestion and absorption are, in general, well-preserved in aging. However, intercurrent illness or experimental stress may produce impairment in aging animals and humans that are not seen in younger controls. Areas deserving more detailed study are identified in this review and include intestinal motility, adaptation to stress, and assembly and transport of lipoproteins from enterocytes to lymph.

scholarly journals A Neural Signature of Regularity in Sound is Reduced in Older Adults

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Herrmann ◽  
Burkhard Maess ◽  
Ingrid S. Johnsrude
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Sound Perception ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Sound Processing ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractSensitivity to repetitions in sound amplitude and frequency is crucial for sound perception. As with other aspects of sound processing, sensitivity to such patterns may change with age, and may help explain some age-related changes in hearing such as segregating speech from background sound. We recorded magnetoencephalography to characterize differences in the processing of sound patterns between younger and older adults. We presented tone sequences that either contained a pattern (made of a repeated set of tones) or did not contain a pattern. We show that auditory cortex in older, compared to younger, adults is hyperresponsive to sound onsets, but that sustained neural activity in auditory cortex, indexing the processing of a sound pattern, is reduced. Hence, the sensitivity of neural populations in auditory cortex fundamentally differs between younger and older individuals, overresponding to sound onsets, while underresponding to patterns in sounds. This may help to explain some age-related changes in hearing such as increased sensitivity to distracting sounds and difficulties tracking speech in the presence of other sound.

scholarly journals Age-related reductions in the number of serial sarcomeres contribute to shorter fascicle lengths but not elevated passive tension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey A. Power ◽  
Sean Crooks ◽  
Jared R. Fletcher ◽  
Brian R. Macintosh ◽  
Walter Herzog
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Length ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Passive Tension ◽  
Passive Force ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Length Changes ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractWe investigated age-related changes to fascicle length (FL), sarcomere length (SL), and serial sarcomere number (SSN), and how this affects passive force. Following mechanical testing to determine passive force, the medial gastrocnemius muscle of young (n=9) and old (n=8) Fisher 344BN hybrid rats was chemically fixed at the optimal muscle length for force production; individual fascicles were dissected for length measurement, and laser diffraction was used to assess SL. Old rats had ∼14% shorter FL than young, which was driven by a ∼10% reduction in SSN, with no difference in SL (∼4%). Passive force was greater in the old compared to young rats at long muscle lengths. Shorter FL and reduced SSN in the old rats could not entirely explain increased passive forces for absolute length changes, owing to a slight reduction in SL in old, resulting in similar SL at long muscle lengths.Summary StatementThis study sought to explain the increased passive tension observed for muscles of older individuals owing to age-related changes to muscle architecture.

scholarly journals The cross-sectional relationship between pain and awareness of age-related changes

2020 ◽  
pp. 204946372096179
Author(s):  
Serena Sabatini ◽  
Obioha C Ukoumunne ◽  
Clive Ballard ◽  
Rachel Collins ◽  
Anne Corbett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
P Value ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Demographic Covariates ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Age Related Changes

Background: Awareness of positive and negative age-related changes (AARC gains and losses) captures the perceived changes that older individuals experience in several domains of their lives including physical, cognitive and social functioning; interpersonal relationships; and lifestyle. Exploring antecedents of AARC is important to identify those individuals that could benefit the most from interventions promoting positive experiences of ageing and/or adaptation to age-related changes. This study investigates the experience of pain as a predictor of lower AARC gains and higher AARC losses. Methods: Analyses are based on cross-sectional data from the PROTECT cohort (2019); 1013 UK residents (mean (SD; range) age: 65.3 (7.1; 51.4–92) years, 84.4% women) completed measures of AARC and pain and provided demographic information. Linear regression models were fitted to examine pain as a predictor of AARC gains and AARC losses. Results: Higher levels of pain predicted more AARC losses both before (regression coefficient, B = 0.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.29 to 0.42, p-value < 0.001; R2 = 0.11) and after adjusting for demographic covariates ( B = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.40; p-value < 0.001; Partial R2 = 0.11). Pain was not significantly associated with AARC gains (unadjusted B = 0.05; 95% CI: −0.03 to 0.12, p-value = 0.21; Partial R2 = 0.01). Conclusion: Individuals experiencing pain may perceive more AARC losses. Interventions aiming to decrease levels of pain could include a component targeting self-perceptions of ageing and/or promoting acceptance of the negative changes that can happen with ageing. Statement of significance: The predictive role of greater levels of pain for more negative perceptions of age-related changes extends the literature on the negative psychological outcomes of pain and on predictors of perceived awareness of age-related changes (AARC). As individuals experiencing pain may be more at risk of perceiving their own ageing in a more negative way, they may benefit from interventions that combine strategies to reduce levels of pain and the interference that pain exerts on their daily activities with an educational component enhancing positive self-perceptions of ageing and promoting acceptance of negative age-related changes.

scholarly journals Age-related changes of neutrophil characteristics, potential of activation, DNA release and NET formation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Krall ◽  
Lisa-Marie Mauracher ◽  
Johanna Roiss ◽  
Lena Hell ◽  
Anna S Ondracek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Thrombosis Risk ◽  
Dna Release ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract Background: Neutrophils are a heterogeneous population of leukocytes, which can be subdivided into high and low density neutrophils (HDNs/LDNs). They are known to fight intruders with different mechanisms, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which have also been associated with thrombosis. Risk of both, thrombosis and infections, increase with age. Differences in neutrophil subpopulations and functionality have been shown in various disease states, but investigations in healthy subjects and their dependence on age are lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes in neutrophils regarding neutrophil subpopulations, their potential of activation, DNA release and NET formation. Methods: Neutrophil subpopulations (HDNs and LDNs) were isolated from 25 healthy individuals subdivided into 3 groups (<45 years, n=8; 45-54, n=9; >54, n=8). Neutrophil characteristics, potential of activation and the ability of NET formation were investigated using flow cytometry. Externalisation of DNA was detected by a DNA release assay. Results: HDN and LDN counts did not differ between age-groups. However, with increasing age we observed a shift in neutrophil subpopulations towards a lower amount of mature LDNs, characterized by their expression of membrane receptors CD62L and CD16. Upon stimulation, neutrophils of older individuals showed significantly higher release of DNA. NET formation was associated with increasing age. HDNs of younger participants increased activation markers (CD66b and CD11b) to a higher extent compared to those of older individuals. Conclusion: Neutrophils and their ability of activation, DNA release and NET formation change with age and this might contribute to the higher risk of infection and thrombosis at advanced age. Furthermore, these results highlight the importance and necessity of age-matching in studies that focus on neutrophil characteristics.

Reversal of Age-Related Changes in Cortical Sound-Azimuth Selectivity with Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 1768-1778
Author(s):  
Yuan Cheng ◽  
Yifan Zhang ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Guoqiang Jia ◽  
Jie Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Auditory Training ◽  
Spatial Processing ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Behavioral Training ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Age Related Changes

Abstract The compromised abilities to understand speech and localize sounds are two hallmark deficits in aged individuals. Earlier studies have shown that age-related deficits in cortical neural timing, which is clearly associated with speech perception, can be partially reversed with auditory training. However, whether training can reverse aged-related cortical changes in the domain of spatial processing has never been studied. In this study, we examined cortical spatial processing in ~21-month-old rats that were trained on a sound-azimuth discrimination task. We found that animals that experienced 1 month of training displayed sharper cortical sound-azimuth tuning when compared to the age-matched untrained controls. This training-induced remodeling in spatial tuning was paralleled by increases of cortical parvalbumin-labeled inhibitory interneurons. However, no measurable changes in cortical spatial processing were recorded in age-matched animals that were passively exposed to training sounds with no task demands. These results that demonstrate the effects of training on cortical spatial domain processing in the rodent model further support the notion that age-related changes in central neural process are, due to their plastic nature, reversible. Moreover, the results offer the encouraging possibility that behavioral training might be used to attenuate declines in auditory perception, which are commonly observed in older individuals.

scholarly journals Presenting features of COVID-19 in older people: relationships with frailty, inflammation and mortality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Knopp ◽  
Amy Miles ◽  
Thomas E Webb ◽  
Benjamin C Mcloughlin ◽  
Imran Mannan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Immune Activity ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Cardinal Symptoms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractPurposeTo describe the clinical features of COVID-19 in older adults, and relate these to outcomes.MethodsCohort study of 217 individuals (≥70 years) hospitalised with COVID-19, followed up for allcause mortality. Secondary outcomes included cognitive and physical function at discharge. C-reactive protein and neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio were used as measures of immune activity.ResultsCardinal COVID-19 symptoms (fever, dyspnoea, cough) were common but not universal. Inflammation on hospitalisation was lower in frail older adults. Fever, dyspnoea, delirium and inflammation were associated with mortality. Delirium at presentation was an independent risk factor for cognitive decline at discharge.ConclusionsCOVID-19 may present without cardinal symptoms as well as implicate a possible role for age-related changes in immunity in mediating the relationship between frailty and mortality.Key summary pointsAimTo characterise symptoms, key findings and clinical outcomes in older adults with COVID-19Findings12% of older individuals did not present with classical COVID-19 symptoms, though fever, dyspnoea, delirium and raised inflammation were associated with higher mortality. Compared with fitter older individuals, immune activity was lower in frailer patients.MessageCOVID-19 may present without cardinal symptoms as well as implicate a possible role for age-related changes in immunity in mediating the relationship between frailty and mortality.

scholarly journals Age-related changes in MEG theta and alpha oscillatory signatures of attentional control

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Huizeling ◽  
Hongfang Wang ◽  
Carol Holland ◽  
Klaus Kessler
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Middle Aged Adults ◽  
Age Related Changes

AbstractIn our recent behavioural research (Callaghan et al., 2017), we reported age-related changes in the costs of switching between from a temporal (rapid serial visual presentation) to a spatial (visual search) attention task. Using magnetoencephalography, we have now compared the neural signatures of attention refocusing between three age groups (19-30, 40-49 and 60+ years) and found differences in task-related modulation and cortical localisation of alpha and theta oscillations. Efficient, faster switching between the temporal and spatial attention tasks in the youngest group compared to both older groups was reflected in parietal theta effects that were significantly reduced in the older groups. Residual parietal theta activity in older individuals was, however, beneficial to attentional switching, and could reflect the preservation of attention mechanisms. Difficulties in refocusing attention in the older and middle-aged adults (slowed response times) were accompanied by reduced theta power modulation in occipital and cerebellar regions. In addition to this posterior theta deficit, older and middle-aged adults presented with increased recruitment of frontal (both groups) and temporal (older group) areas. Theta oscillations therefore demonstrated a posterior to anterior processing shift, which may reflect the engagement of alternative strategies in older- and middle-age, such as top-down attentional control in an attempt to compensate for posterior processing deficits. Additional frontal theta recruitment indeed appeared to be beneficial for faster performance, as reflected by correlational analysis. Temporal theta (in older-age), however, did not correlate with performance, but could reflect strategies unrelated to speeded performance (e.g. silent vocalisation to maintain task goals). Alpha oscillations did not significantly correlate with task performance, possibly reflecting decreased neural precision or de-differentiation, but require further investigation.

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