In vitroreproduction in the annual pasture legumes subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneumL.) and French serradella (Ornithopus sativusBrot.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Castello ◽  
K. Stefanova ◽  
P. G. H. Nichols ◽  
B. J. Nutt ◽  
C. K. Revell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pasture Legumes

Variability of in vitro ruminal fermentation and methanogenic potential in the pasture legume biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bidhyut Kumar Banik ◽  
Zoey Durmic ◽  
William Erskine ◽  
Phillip Nichols ◽  
Kioumars Ghamkhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Core Collection ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microbes ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Pasture Legume

Biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) is an important annual pasture legume for the wheatbelt of southern Australia and has been found to have lower levels of methane output than other pasture legumes when fermented by rumen microbes. Thirty accessions of the biserrula core germplasm collection were grown in the glasshouse to examine intra-specific variability in in vitro rumen fermentation, including methane output. One biserrula cultivar (Casbah) was also grown at two field locations to confirm that low methanogenic potential was present in field-grown samples. All of the biserrula accessions had significantly reduced methane [range 0.5–8.4 mL/g dry matter (DM)] output compared with subterranean clover (28.4 mL/g DM) and red clover (36.1 mL/g DM). There was also significant variation in fermentability profiles (except for volatile fatty acids) among accessions of the core collection. Methanogenic potential exhibited 86% broad-sense heritability within the biserrula core collection. The anti-methanogenic and gas-suppressing effect of biserrula was also confirmed in samples grown in the field. In conclusion, biserrula showed variability in in vitro fermentation traits including reduced methane production compared with controls. This bioactivity of biserrula also persists in the field, indicating scope for further selection of biserrula as an elite methane-mitigating pasture.

Performance and weed-suppressive potential of selected pasture legumes against annual weeds in south-eastern Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sajid Latif ◽  
Saliya Gurusinghe ◽  
Paul A. Weston ◽  
William B. Brown ◽  
Jane C. Quinn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Mixed Stands ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Weed Suppressive Ability ◽  
Weed Infestation ◽  
South Eastern Australia

Mixed farming systems have traditionally incorporated subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) as key components of the pasture phase across south-eastern Australia. However, poor adaptation of subterranean clover to acidic soils, insufficient and inconsistent rainfall, high input costs, soil acidification and the emergence of herbicide-resistant weeds have reduced efficacy of some traditional clover species in recent years. To overcome these challenges, numerous novel pasture species have been selectively improved and released for establishment in Australia. Despite their suitability to Australian climate and soils, limited knowledge exists regarding their weed-suppressive ability in relation to establishment and regeneration. Field trials were therefore conducted over 3 years in New South Wales to evaluate the suppressive potential of selected pasture legume species and cultivars as monocultures and in mixed stands against dominant annual pasture weeds. Pasture and weed biomass varied significantly between pasture species when sown as monocultures, but mixtures of several species did not differ with regard to establishment and subsequent weed infestation. Arrowleaf clover (T. vesiculosum Savi.) and biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus L.) cv. Casbah showed improved stand establishment, with higher biomass and reduced weed infestation compared with other pasture species. Generally, weed suppression was positively correlated with pasture biomass; however, yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) cv. Santorini exhibited greater weed suppression than other pasture legumes while producing lower biomass, thereby suggesting a mechanism other than competition for resources affecting weed-suppressive ability. Over the period 2015–17, arrowleaf clover and biserrula cv. Casbah were generally the most consistent annual pasture legumes with respect to yearly regeneration and suppression of annual pasture weed species.

The transference of nitrogen from pasture legumes to an associated grass under several systems of management in pot culture

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 915 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR Simpson
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Temporary Increase ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Perennial Legumes ◽  
Intact Root ◽  
Pot Culture

The extent of underground transference of nitrogen from three pasture legumes, each growing in association with a grass, has been studied in pot culture under several systems of management during the first 12–18 months after sowing. The three legumes performed quite differently. Subterranean clover did not release any nitrogen until senescence and then produced a rapid transference. White clover was competitive for nitrogen until the autumn-winter period. Lucerne released nitrogen gradually over the whole experimental period. Frequent defoliation of the legumes reduced competition for nitrogen by white clover but also reduced transference from the other legumes. Killing the perennial legumes produced only a small temporary increase in transference. Wilting and temporary drying treatments also reduced the transference. Thus there was no evidence that the nitrogen transference from lucerne was due to a shedding or decay of nodules induced by defoliation; it could equally well be due to direct excretion of nitrogen from the intact root system. The significance of the results in pasture establishment in infertile areas is discussed.

Flower initiation in pasture legumes. I. Factors affecting flower initiation in Trifolium subterraneum L.

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Low Temperature ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Cold Period ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Precise Knowledge

The value of the annual legume Trifolium subterraneum L. (subterranean clover) in Australian agriculture warrants more precise knowledge of factors affecting flowering and prolific seeding. The effect of temperature and photoperiod on flower initiation in early and later flowering varieties has been investigated in an effort to determine the geographical limits of the use of subterranean clover in Australia. At any time of sowing, the length of the growing season of a variety depends greatly on the variety's response to the temperature level and to the photoperiod of the first few weeks after germination. In all varieties of subterranean clover so far examined flower initiation is accelerated by a period of low temperature. In the later varieties, flower initiation is prevented by an insufficient period of low temperature. The length of the necessary cold period is shortened under longer photoperiod. Early varieties are early flowering because they do not require so long a cold period or so low a temperature as late varieties.

Manganese toxicity in Trifolium balansae, T. resupinatum, T. subterraneum, Medicago murex, M. polymorpha, M. sativa, Lotus pedunculatus, and Ornithopus compressus: relative tolerance and critical toxicity concentrations

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 367 ◽  
Author(s):  
DGDe Marco ◽  
CB Li ◽  
PJ Randall ◽  
Marco DG De
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Ornithopus Compressus ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Lotus Pedunculatus ◽  
Persian Clover ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Mn Concentrations

This paper describes the tolerance to high concentrations of manganese (Mn) of pasture legumes that are suitable for the >500 mm rainfall zone in southern Australia. The legumes are lucerne (Medicago sativa), burr medic (M. polymorpha), murex medic (M. murex), balansa clover (Trifolium balansae), Persian clover (T. resupinatum), subterranean clover (T: subterraneum), greater lotus (Lotus pedunculatus), and seradella (Ornithopus compressus). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Egret and subterranean clover cvv. Mt Barker and Karridale were included to place the tolerance of the remaining species in the context of other studies.Symptoms of toxicity differed between species. Species ranking (in descending order) for Mn tolerance, and external threshold Mn concentrations (mmol/L), were subterranean clover (1.0), wheat (0.71), balansa clover (0.54), greater lotus (0.51), serradella (0.50), Persian clover (0.25), murex medic (0.24), burr medic (0.20), and lucerne (0.19). Critical toxicity concentrations derived from the relationships of yields to Mn concentrations in whole shoots for each species were as follows (mg Mn/kg DW): subterranean clover (2010), balansa clover (1330), serradella (1080), greater lotus (760), wheat (570), burr medic (440), murex medic (430), Persian clover (360), lucerne (190).

Nitrogenase Activity by Subterranean Clover and Other Temperate Pasture Legumes

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 657 ◽  
Author(s):  
AG Davey ◽  
RJ Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Root Respiration ◽  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Acetylene Reduction Activity ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Reduction Activity ◽  
Decline Rate ◽  
Nodulated Root

Nitrogenase (C2H2-reduction) activity and nodulated root respiration of intact plants of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) cv. Seaton Park nodulated by Rhizobium trifolii WU95 were measured in a flow-through system. Simultaneous declines in nitrogenase activity and respiration were exhibited 2 min after 10% C2H2 had been introduced into the gas stream. Declines in nitrogenase activity and nodulated root respiration provided an estimate of the efficiency of nitrogenase activity (mol CO2 evolved/mol C2H4 produced). The pre-decline rate of nitrogenase activity at time zero was thus calculated as the product of the respiration associated with nitrogenase activity and the reciprocal of the efficiency of nitrogenase activity. Pre-decline rates of nitrogenase activity were similar to peak rates for several pasture legumes. However, post-decline rates of activity were as much as 70% lower than the pre-decline rate. The age of subterranean clover plants had an important influence on the magnitude of the C2H2-induced decline; young plants exhibited the largest C2H2-induced inhibition of nitrogenase activity. Neither sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) cv. Othello nodulated by Rhizobium sp. CC1108 nor yellow serradella (Ornithopus compressus L.) cv. Pitman nodulated by R. lupini WU425 exhibited C2H2-induced declines in nitrogenase activity. Nitrogenase-linked respiration of subterranean clover at the 14-leaf stage accounted for 50% of total nodulated root respiration. The oxygen diffusion resistance of the nodules increased in the presence of C2H2 but the effect was reversible once C2H2 was removed from the gas atmosphere. The pre-decline rate of acetylene reduction activity of subterranean clover reached a maximum at 10% C2H2. The C2H2-induced decline in nitrogenase activity was lower at subsaturating pC2H2 and was not detected at 0.4% C2H2.

scholarly journals The career and contribution to Australian and international agricultural science of Clive McDonald Francis: an introduction

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Ewing ◽  
D. L. Chatel ◽  
M. L. Poole ◽  
W. J. Collins
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Agricultural Science ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Creative Research ◽  
The Face

Dr Clive Francis is amongst a small group of scientists whose efforts have changed the face of Australian agriculture. This special issue of Crop & Pasture Science highlights his broadranging impact delivered through the pasture cultivars he bred, the knowledge that he generated and the influence that he had on peers and policy makers. His cultivars of subterranean clover are still grown on many millions of hectares across southern Australia and his efforts were pivotal in generating momentum for creative research on a wide array of crop and pasture legumes, particularly the collection, evaluation and preservation of genetic resources for use in current and future breeding initiatives.

Virus diseases of annual pasture legumes: incidences, losses, epidemiology, and management

2012 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Virus Diseases ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Improvement Programs ◽  
Annual Medics ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Pasture Legume

This paper reviews current knowledge concerning the occurrence, losses caused, epidemiology, and management of virus diseases of annual pasture legumes. The viruses commonly present are spread by contact, or aphid vectors either non-persistently or persistently. Whether they are seed-borne and their means of transmission are critical factors determining their incidences within pastures in climatic zones with dry summers or substantial summer rainfall. Large-scale national or state surveys of subterranean clover pastures revealed that some viruses reach high infection incidences. Contamination with seed-borne viruses was widespread in plots belonging to annual pasture legume improvement programs and seed stocks of subterranean clover, annual medics, and alternative annual pasture legumes, and in commercial annual medic seed stocks. Yield loss studies with grazed swards were completed for three common viruses: two in subterranean clover and one in annual medics. These studies demonstrated considerable virus-induced losses in herbage and seed yields, and established that virus infection causes deteriorated pastures with high weed contents even when foliar symptoms are mild. Comprehensive integrated disease management tactics involving phytosanitary, cultural, chemical, or host resistance measures were devised for these three viruses in infected pastures, and for seed-borne viruses in annual pasture legume improvement programs. Several other viruses are potentially important, but, with these, quantification of losses caused in grazed swards is lacking and information on incidences in pastures is currently insufficient. Critical research and development gaps that need addressing are identified.

scholarly journals Use of bulk hybrid populations to select for adaptation to contrasting environments in subterranean clover

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
Phillip Nichols ◽  
Philip Cocks
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Hybrid Population ◽  
Population Changes ◽  
Trial Management ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Selection For

Population changes were measured over 17 years within a highly variable bulk hybrid population of subterranean clover in a short and long growing season mediterranean-type environment in Western Australia. Flowering time was used as an indicator of evolutionary change and was highly responsive to environment. Markedly different populations evolved, with rapid selection for early flowering at the short growing season site and later flowering at the long growing season site. The use of bulk hybrid populations is suggested as a low-input means of breeding and selecting annual pasture legumes adapted to target environments and farming systems. While adapted genotypes can be selected after just 3 seasons, further adaptive fine-tuning occurs with increased homozygosity. The success of the method hinges on the original parents containing genes for desirable characters, trial sites being representative of target environments and trial management being representative of typical farm practice

Long-term patterns of seed softening in some annual pasture legumes in a low rainfall environment

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 331 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Taylor ◽  
MA Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Medicago Polymorpha ◽  
Pasture Legumes ◽  
Burr Medic ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Simulated Field ◽  
Favourable Environment

Annual rates of seed softening were determined from 4 lines of burr medic (Medicago polymorpha), 1 barrel medic (M. truncatula), and 1 subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) grown at Merredin in the 1 year. Measurements were also made on one of the lines of burr medic grown in 2 other environments, Gnowangerup and Eneabba, in the same year. Burrs were placed on the soil surface at Merredin and the numbers of residual hard seeds determined each year for up to 5 years in this one environment. Patterns of softening of seeds from the same seed populations were also determined in a laboratory oven with a diurnal temperature fluctuation of 60/15�C. In the field, the softening rates of the 5 medics grown at Merredin were similar, averaging 21% of the original seeds each year for the first 4 years. Seeds of the burr medic grown in a more favourable environment at Eneabba were much slower to soften (averaging 14%); hence, hardseededness in these medics was influenced more by the growing environment than by genotype. More than half of the seeds of subterranean clover softened in the field over the first summer, with declining annual proportions thereafter. There were clear differences between the clover and medics in both pattern and rate of seed softening. The lower seed-softening rate of medics than of subterranean clover was more favourable for ley systems involving frequent cropping, especially in low rainfall areas. Treatment of seeds at 60/15�C simulated field softening for subterranean clover well but produced misleading results for the medics.

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