Why do parasites exhibit reverse latitudinal diversity gradients? Testing the roles of host diversity, habitat and climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter Johnson ◽  
Sarah E. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Host Diversity ◽  
Diversity Gradients

Drivers of diversity gradients of a highly mobile marine assemblage in a mesoscale seascape

2020 ◽  
Vol 638 ◽  
pp. 149-164
Author(s):  
GM Svendsen ◽  
M Ocampo Reinaldo ◽  
MA Romero ◽  
G Williams ◽  
A Magurran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Demersal Fish ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Thermal Front ◽  
Boosted Regression Tree ◽  
Diversity Gradients ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Bottom Depth

With the unprecedented rate of biodiversity change in the world today, understanding how diversity gradients are maintained at mesoscales is a key challenge. Drawing on information provided by 3 comprehensive fishery surveys (conducted in different years but in the same season and with the same sampling design), we used boosted regression tree (BRT) models in order to relate spatial patterns of α-diversity in a demersal fish assemblage to environmental variables in the San Matias Gulf (Patagonia, Argentina). We found that, over a 4 yr period, persistent diversity gradients of species richness and probability of an interspecific encounter (PIE) were shaped by 3 main environmental gradients: bottom depth, connectivity with the open ocean, and proximity to a thermal front. The 2 main patterns we observed were: a monotonic increase in PIE with proximity to fronts, which had a stronger effect at greater depths; and an increase in PIE when closer to the open ocean (a ‘bay effect’ pattern). The originality of this work resides on the identification of high-resolution gradients in local, demersal assemblages driven by static and dynamic environmental gradients in a mesoscale seascape. The maintenance of environmental gradients, specifically those associated with shared resources and connectivity with an open system, may be key to understanding community stability.

scholarly journals High within-host diversity found from direct genotyping on post-mortem tuberculosis specimens in a high burden setting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Rodríguez-Grande ◽  
Juan Carlos Hurtado ◽  
Sandra Rodríguez-Maus ◽  
Isaac Casas ◽  
Paola Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Mortem ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Host Diversity

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity and transmission

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 372 (6539) ◽  
pp. eabg0821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Lythgoe ◽  
Matthew Hall ◽  
Luca Ferretti ◽  
Mariateresa de Cesare ◽  
George MacIntyre-Cockett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Phylogenetic Tree ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Diversity Patterns ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Low Levels

Extensive global sampling and sequencing of the pandemic virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have enabled researchers to monitor its spread and to identify concerning new variants. Two important determinants of variant spread are how frequently they arise within individuals and how likely they are to be transmitted. To characterize within-host diversity and transmission, we deep-sequenced 1313 clinical samples from the United Kingdom. SARS-CoV-2 infections are characterized by low levels of within-host diversity when viral loads are high and by a narrow bottleneck at transmission. Most variants are either lost or occasionally fixed at the point of transmission, with minimal persistence of shared diversity, patterns that are readily observable on the phylogenetic tree. Our results suggest that transmission-enhancing and/or immune-escape SARS-CoV-2 variants are likely to arise infrequently but could spread rapidly if successfully transmitted.

scholarly journals Host Diversity and Potential Transmission Pathways of SARS-CoV-2 at the Human-Animal Interface

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayden D. Hedman ◽  
Eric Krawczyk ◽  
Yosra A. Helmy ◽  
Lixin Zhang ◽  
Csaba Varga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Transmission Pathways

Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermediate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans. To improve foundational knowledge of SARS-CoV-2, we are conducting a synthesis review of its host diversity and transmission pathways. To mitigate this COVID-19 pandemic, we strongly advocate for a systems-oriented scientific approach that comprehensively evaluates the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at the human and animal interface.

Effects of Host Diversity on Infectious Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Ostfeld ◽  
Felicia Keesing
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Host Diversity

Subsampling Herbarium Collections to Assess Geographic Diversity Gradients: A Case Study with Endemic Orchidaceae and Rubiaceae in Cameroon

Biotropica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Droissart ◽  
Olivier J. Hardy ◽  
Bonaventure Sonké ◽  
Farid Dahdouh-Guebas ◽  
Tariq Stévart
Keyword(s):  
Diversity Gradients ◽  
Geographic Diversity ◽  
Herbarium Collections

scholarly journals Latitudinal Diversity Gradients in New World Bats: Are They a Consequence of Niche Conservatism?

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e69245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria João Ramos Pereira ◽  
Jorge M. Palmeirim
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Niche Conservatism ◽  
Diversity Gradients

scholarly journals Expanded Host Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Hantaviruses in Sub-Saharan Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (13) ◽  
pp. 7663-7667 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Kang ◽  
W. T. Stanley ◽  
J. A. Esselstyn ◽  
S. H. Gu ◽  
R. Yanagihara
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Host Diversity ◽  
Sub Saharan
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