scholarly journals Direct emission of methane and nitrous oxide from switchgrass and corn stover: implications for large-scale biomass storage

GCB Bioenergy ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 865-876 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isaac Emery ◽  
Nathan Mosier
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
Direct Emission

The use of feed supplements to reduce livestock greenhouse gas emissions: direct-fed microbials

2021 ◽  
pp. 261-286
Author(s):  
Natasha Doyle ◽  
◽  
Philiswa Mbandlwa ◽  
Sinead Leahy ◽  
Graeme Attwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Important Variable ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
On Farm

This chapter aims to outline the strategy of using feed supplements for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in ruminants, including methane (CH4), carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, given that feed intake is an important variable in predicting these emissions. Focus will be given to direct-fed microbials, a term reserved for live microbes which can be supplemented to feed to elicit a beneficial response. The viability of such methods will also be analysed for their use in large scale on-farm operations.

scholarly journals Integrating Agricultural Practices into the TRIPLEX-GHG Model v2.0 for Simulating Global Cropland Nitrous Oxide Emissions: Model Development and Evaluation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanxiong Song ◽  
Changhui Peng ◽  
Kerou Zhang ◽  
Qiuan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Consumption Rate ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Highly Correlated

Abstract. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from croplands are one of the most important greenhouse gas sources, and it is difficult to simulate on a large scale. In order to simulate N2O emissions from global croplands, a new version of the process-based TRIPLEX-GHG model was developed by coupling the major agricultural activities. The coefficient of the NO3− consumption rate for denitrification (COEdNO3) was found to be the most sensitive parameter based on sensitivity analysis, and it was calibrated using field data from 39 observation sites across major croplands globally. The model performed well when simulating the magnitude of the daily N2O emissions and was able to capture the temporal patterns of the N2O emissions. The COEdNO3 ranged from 0.01 to 0.05, and the continental mean of the parameter was used for the model validation. The validation results indicate that the means of the measured daily N2O fluxes during the experiment periods are highly correlated with the modeled results (R2 = 0.87). Consequently, our model simulation results demonstrate that the new version of the TRIPLEX-GHG model can reliably simulate N2O emissions from various croplands at the global scale.

scholarly journals Enhancing natural cycles in agro-ecosystems to boost plant carbon capture and soil storage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfram Buss ◽  
Kirsty Yeates ◽  
Eelco J Rohling ◽  
Justin Borevitz
Keyword(s):  
Cover Crops ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Carbon Capture And Storage ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Biomass Storage ◽  
Carbon Release ◽  
Plant Photosynthesis ◽  
Dangerous Climate Change

Abstract One of society’s greatest challenges is sequestering vast amounts of carbon to avoid dangerous climate change without driving competition for land and resources. Here we assess the potential of an integrated approach based on enhancement of natural biogeochemical cycles in agro-ecosystems that stimulate carbon capture and storage while increasing resilience and long-term productivity. The method integrates plant photosynthesis in the form of (cover) crops and agroforestry which drives carbon capture. Belowground plant-carbon is efficiently stored as stable soil organic carbon (SOC). Aboveground crop and tree residues are pyrolyzed into biochar, which is applied to the soil reducing carbon release through decomposition. Enhanced weathering of basalt powder worked into the soil further captures and stores carbon, while releasing nutrients and alkalinity. The integrated system is regenerative, through enhanced virtuous cycles that lead to improved plant capture, biomass storage and crop yield, the prerequisites for large-scale carbon sequestration along with food security.

scholarly journals Modeling Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Large-Scale Intensive Cropping Systems in the Southern Amazon

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciniro Costa ◽  
Gillian L. Galford ◽  
Michael T. Coe ◽  
Marcia Macedo ◽  
KathiJo Jankowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
Dndc Model ◽  
Mato Grosso

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer use is rapidly intensifying on tropical croplands and has the potential to increase emissions of the greenhouse gas, nitrous oxide (N2O). Since about 2005 Mato Grosso (MT), Brazil has shifted from single-cropped soybeans to double-cropping soybeans with maize, and now produces 1.5% of the world's maize. This production shift required an increase in N fertilization, but the effects on N2O emissions are poorly known. We calibrated the process-oriented biogeochemical DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model to simulate N2O emissions and crop production from soybean and soybean-maize cropping systems in MT. After model validation with field measurements and adjustments for hydrological properties of tropical soils, regional simulations suggested N2O emissions from soybean-maize cropland increased almost fourfold during 2001–2010, from 1.1 ± 1.1 to 4.1 ± 3.2 Gg 1014 N-N2O. Model sensitivity tests showed that emissions were spatially and seasonably variable and especially sensitive to soil bulk density and carbon content. Meeting future demand for maize using current soybean area in MT might require either (a) intensifying 3.0 million ha of existing single soybean to soybean-maize or (b) increasing N fertilization to ~180 kg N ha−1 on existing 2.3 million ha of soybean-maize area. The latter strategy would release ~35% more N2O than the first. Our modifications of the DNDC model will improve estimates of N2O emissions from agricultural production in MT and other tropical areas, but narrowing model uncertainty will depend on more detailed field measurements and spatial data on soil and cropping management.

scholarly journals A Natural History Study of Nitrous Oxide versus Propofol-Assisted Intrathecal Therapy in the Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane Miller ◽  
Stuart Winter ◽  
David Watson ◽  
mylynda livingston ◽  
Resty Nemata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Central Nervous System Disease ◽  
Intrathecal Therapy ◽  
Blood Disorders ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Chemotherapy Administration ◽  
N 93

Background: Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment requires numerous lumbar punctures (LPs) with intrathecal (IT) chemotherapy to prevent and treat central nervous system disease. Historically, LPs in this setting are performed using propofol sedation. At our institution, LPs are often alternatively performed under nitrous oxide (N2O). To date, there have been no large scale assessments comparing these sedation methods for this purpose. Procedures: Retrospective cohort study of patients aged 0-31 years with ALL treated between 1/1/2013-12/31/2018 at the Children’s Minnesota Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, including all therapeutic LPs performed in the clinic setting under either propofol or N2O. Results: Among 215 patients and 2677 therapeutic LPs, 56.6% (n = 1515) occurred under N2O with 43.3% (n = 93) of patients using exclusively N2O with all LPs. The incidence of traumatic LPs (RBC ≥ 10 cells/µL) were similar between both treatments (27.3% vs 30.2). Successful IT chemotherapy delivery (99.7% N2O vs 99.8% propofol) did not differ between sedation types. Experiencing a traumatic LP under N2O was associated with a sedation switch for the subsequent LP (aOR 2.40, p=0.002) while older age (aOR 1.08, p<0.0001) and higher BMI percentile (aOR 1.01, p=0.009) were associated with increased likelihood for undergoing a traumatic LP. Conclusion: N2O is an effective sedation option for therapeutic LPs in children with ALL with noninferiority to propofol in terms of IT chemotherapy administration and traumatic LP incidence. For many patients, N2O can effectively replace propofol during LP procedures, which has important safety and quality-of-life implications.

Contribution of nitrous oxide emissions from wastewater treatment to carbon accounting

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Winter ◽  
P. Pearce ◽  
K. Colquhoun
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Emissions ◽  
N2o Emissions

This paper describes research that investigated the contribution of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from wastewater treatment to the greenhouse gas emissions of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The research provided several months of robust data from a large-scale WWTP serving a population equivalent of 284,000. N2O emissions were monitored online at the ventilation system of a covered activated sludge (AS) plant, therefore capturing the complete off-gas stream. This methodology eliminated errors incurred through sampling of small percentages of emission areas and allowed representative continuous measurements. Nitrogen load and dissolved oxygen (DO) were also monitored. To address seasonal variation, data were recorded in two extensive phases. In addition, three separate 24-hour surveys were conducted. Emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O associated with treatment were calculated using the UK Water Industry Research carbon accounting workbook. This study measured N2O emissions from the AS process (nitrification and denitrification) equivalent to 17.5% of the annual GHG emissions (tonnes CO2e) from processes at the WWTP. The emissions were within the range of published N2O emissions. The diurnal profiles confirmed literature findings of a trend of increased N2O emissions when the DO decreased. The DO in the high rate zone of the aeration lanes should be kept above 1 mg l−1 to avoid favourable conditions for N2O emissions during nitrification.

scholarly journals Life Cycle Assessment of Large-scale Compressed Bio-natural Gas Production in China: A Case Study on Manure Co-digestion with Corn Stover

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Ji-Qin Ni ◽  
Wanbin Zhu ◽  
Guanghui Xie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Main Contributor

Compressed bio-natural gas (CBG) production from large-scale systems has been recognized as promising because of the abundance of manure and crop residue feedstocks and its environmental friendliness. This study is a life cycle assessment using the local database of an operating large-scale CBG system of manure co-digestion with corn stover in China and eBalance software. The results showed that the system’s Primary Energy Input to Output (PEIO) ratio was 20%. Its anaerobic digestion process was the main contributor to energy consumption, accounting for 76%. Among the six environmental impacts investigated in this study, the global warming potential (GWP) was the major environmental impact, and the digestate effluent management process was the main contributor to the GWP, accounting for 60%. The mitigation potential of the system, compared with reference case for GWP, was 3.19 kg CO2-eq for 1 m3 CBG production. In the future, the GWP mitigation could be 479 × 106 metric tons CO2-eq with 150 × 109 m3 yr−1 CBG production from the entire China. This study provides a reference on large-scale CBG production system for establishing a localized life cycle assessment inventory database in China.

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