Warming erodes individual‐level variability in life history responses to predation risk in larvae of the mayfly Cloeon dipterum

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (12) ◽  
pp. 2211-2223
Author(s):  
Jan Šupina ◽  
Jindřiška Bojková ◽  
David S. Boukal
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Cloeon Dipterum

Influence of food availability, predation risk and initial body size on growth and maturation of Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae)

Zoosymposia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAN ŠUPINA ◽  
JINDŘIŠKA BOJKOVÁ ◽  
DAVID S. BOUKAL
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Food Availability ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Food Limitation ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Influence Of Food ◽  
Cloeon Dipterum

Larval growth and maturation in aquatic insects are phenotypically plastic and can change in response to the amount and quality of resources, or under predation risk. While better food conditions typically lead to faster growth and earlier maturation at larger body size and hence higher fecundity, the effects of predation risk can vary depending on its strength and selectivity with respect to size or stage. Studies on lotic mayflies (Ephemeroptera) have reported two direct and two indirect life history responses to increased predation risk: slower growth rate and later maturation at the same or smaller size, and faster or unaltered growth rate and earlier maturation at smaller body size. However, life history responses of standing water mayflies to predation risk are unknown. To fill this gap, we carried out a full-factorial laboratory experiment to study the influence of food availability (full/reduced) and predation risk (present/absent predator cues) by dragonfly larvae on growth and maturation of larvae of the lentic mayfly Cloeon dipterum. Males and females responded similarly to food limitation and predation risk. Predation risk had no effect on maturation size, larval mortality and metamorphic failure. However, growth rate, number of moults and development time were all affected by predation risk, and its net effect was modified by food availability and initial body size of the larvae. These results suggest that life history responses to suboptimal conditions depend on body size at the onset of such conditions. Finally, a small group of larvae grew at much slower rates and developed much longer than other individuals of similar initial size, possibly due to bet-hedging or inclusion of multiple genotypes in the experiment.

scholarly journals Major Evolutionary Transitions in Social Insects, the Importance of Worker Sterility and Life History Trade-Offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Bernadou ◽  
Boris H. Kramer ◽  
Judith Korb
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Worker Sterility

The evolution of eusociality in social insects, such as termites, ants, and some bees and wasps, has been regarded as a major evolutionary transition (MET). Yet, there is some debate whether all species qualify. Here, we argue that worker sterility is a decisive criterion to determine whether species have passed a MET (= superorganisms), or not. When workers are sterile, reproductive interests align among group members as individual fitness is transferred to the colony level. Division of labour among cooperating units is a major driver that favours the evolution of METs across all biological scales. Many METs are characterised by a differentiation into reproductive versus maintenance functions. In social insects, the queen specialises on reproduction while workers take over maintenance functions such as food provisioning. Such division of labour allows specialisation and it reshapes life history trade-offs among cooperating units. For instance, individuals within colonies of social insects can overcome the omnipresent fecundity/longevity trade-off, which limits reproductive success in organisms, when increased fecundity shortens lifespan. Social insect queens (particularly in superorganismal species) can reach adult lifespans of several decades and are among the most fecund terrestrial animals. The resulting enormous reproductive output may contribute to explain why some genera of social insects became so successful. Indeed, superorganismal ant lineages have more species than those that have not passed a MET. We conclude that the release from life history constraints at the individual level is a important, yet understudied, factor across METs to explain their evolutionary success.

scholarly journals Quantification of 27 yolk steroid hormones in seven shrubland bird species: interspecific patterns of hormone deposition and links to life history, development, and predation risk

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Merrill ◽  
S.J. Chiavacci ◽  
R.T. Paitz ◽  
T.J. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
American Robin ◽  
Nestling Development ◽  
Yolk Steroids

Steroid hormones play critical organizational and activational roles during vertebrate development, impacting everything from sexual differentiation to metabolic activity. For oviparous species such as birds, these hormones are transferred from female to egg during follicle maturation, and differences in relative and absolute concentrations of the steroid hormones may reflect differences in life history, developmental, and ecological conditions. Prior work on yolk steroid hormones has focused on a handful of candidate hormones (e.g., testosterone, androstenedione, and corticosterone), but we used high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy (LC–MS–MS) to quantify 27 yolk steroids from the eggs of seven shrubland bird species (American Robin, Turdus migratorius Linnaeus, 1766; Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater (Boddaert, 1783); Brown Thrasher, Toxostoma rufum (Linnaeus, 1758); Eastern Towhee, Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linnaeus, 1758); Field Sparrow, Spizella pusilla (A. Wilson, 1810); Gray Catbird, Dumetella carolinensis (Linnaeus, 1766); Northern Cardinal, Cardinalis cardinalis (Linnaeus, 1758)). In addition to comparing steroid profiles across species, we conducted exploratory analyses to determine how the hormones clustered using a principal component (PC) approach and if PCs were correlated with aspects of egg resources (relative egg size, proportion yolk), life-history traits (embryonic and nestling development speed), and nest-predation risk (daily survival rate (DSR)). We documented substantial interspecific variation in both absolute and proportional endocrine profiles. PCAs indicated that glucocorticoids generally clustered together (PC1), but other classes of steroids did not. PC2 and PC3 strongly covaried with egg resources, DSR, and development speed, suggesting that they reflect adaptive patterns of maternal hormone deposition.

scholarly journals Too risky to settle: avian community structure changes in response to perceived predation risk on adults and offspring

2013 ◽  
Vol 280 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20130762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fangyuan Hua ◽  
Robert J. Fletcher ◽  
Kathryn E. Sieving ◽  
Robert M. Dorazio
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Bird Community ◽  
Breeding Bird ◽  
Potential Force ◽  
Perceived Predation Risk

Predation risk is widely hypothesized as an important force structuring communities, but this potential force is rarely tested experimentally, particularly in terrestrial vertebrate communities. How animals respond to predation risk is generally considered predictable from species life-history and natural-history traits, but rigorous tests of these predictions remain scarce. We report on a large-scale playback experiment with a forest bird community that addresses two questions: (i) does perceived predation risk shape the richness and composition of a breeding bird community? And (ii) can species life-history and natural-history traits predict prey community responses to different types of predation risk? On 9 ha plots, we manipulated cues of three avian predators that preferentially prey on either adult birds or offspring, or both, throughout the breeding season. We found that increased perception of predation risk led to generally negative responses in the abundance, occurrence and/or detection probability of most prey species, which in turn reduced the species richness and shifted the composition of the breeding bird community. Species-level responses were largely predicted from the key natural-history trait of body size, but we did not find support for the life-history theory prediction of the relationship between species' slow/fast life-history strategy and their response to predation risk.

Behavioural and life history responses to predation risk by common frog tadpoles exposed to two predators during ontogeny

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gazzola ◽  
Alessandro Balestrieri ◽  
Michele Ghitti ◽  
Daniele Paganelli ◽  
Paolo Galeotti
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Common Frog ◽  
Frog Tadpoles

scholarly journals Breeding Biology of Passerines in a Subtropical Montane Forest in Northwestern Argentina

The Condor ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya K. Auer ◽  
Ronald D. Bassar ◽  
Joseph J. Fontaine ◽  
Thomas E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Nest Predation ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Temperate Species ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Breeding Ecology ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Northwestern Argentina

Abstract The breeding ecology of south temperate bird species is less widely known than that of north temperate species, yet because they comprise a large portion of the world's avian diversity, knowledge of their breeding ecology can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the geographic diversity of avian reproductive traits and life history strategies. We provide the first detailed examination of the reproductive strategies of 18 forest passerines of subtropical, northwestern Argentina. Mean clutch sizes were smaller and egg mass was greater than for north temperate birds, but differed among species and nest types, with cavity-nesters having larger clutches than species with open-cup and enclosed nests. Across all species, the average breeding season duration was 50 days; thus, the common perception that southern species have smaller clutch sizes because of longer breeding seasons is not supported in this community. Daily nest predation rates were influenced by nest type, cavity nests suffering the least from predation, as found in north temperate systems. Only females incubated eggs in all but one species, whereas both parents fed and cared for nestlings in all species. Mean nest attentiveness was low compared to north temperate passerines. Mean hourly nestling feeding rates differed among species and were negatively related to nest predation risk. In short, coexisting species in this subtropical forest varied in their life history strategies, in part correlated with variation in nest predation risk, but also differing from north temperate species.

Comparative Analysis of Anti-predator Behaviour and Life History Traits of the Tadpoles Exposed to Predation Risk and Corticosterone

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samadhan Phuge ◽  
Sandip Tapkir ◽  
Vikas Bhand ◽  
Gurmeet Kour ◽  
Radhakrishna Pandit
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Predation Risk ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Predator Behaviour
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