scholarly journals Biochemical characterization of AeD7L2 and its physiological relevance in blood feeding in the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti

FEBS Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Martin‐Martin ◽  
Olivia Kern ◽  
Steven Brooks ◽  
Leticia Barion Smith ◽  
Paola Carolina Valenzuela‐Leon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Physiological Relevance

scholarly journals Laboratory colonization by Dirofilaria immitis alters the microbiome of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Erik Neff ◽  
Amie Geary ◽  
Montana Ciara Husser ◽  
Kevin Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The ability of blood feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered with, or enhanced by, the arthropod’s native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, the majority of which contribute to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis , a mosquito transmitted by filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti . Methods: In this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female A. aegypti . Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16SRNA was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level. Results We generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, suggesting a possible endosymbiotic relationship, and has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on domestic housefly eggs and larva. While D. immitis colonization has no effect on the overall species richness, we identified significant differences in the composition of selected bacteria genus and phylum between the two groups. We also reported distinct compositional and phylogenetic differences in the individual bacteria species when commonly identified bacteria were compared. Conclusions In conclusion, this is the first study to the best of our knowledge to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. Further studies are required to identify bacteria species that could play an important role in the mosquito biology. While the microbiome composition of A. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

scholarly journals Laboratory colonization by Dirofilaria immitis alters the microbiome of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Erik Neff ◽  
Amie Geary ◽  
Montana Ciara Husser ◽  
Kevin Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The ability of blood-feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered with, or enhanced by, the arthropod’s native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, the majority of which contribute to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito-transmitted filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.Methods: In this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female Ae. aegypti. Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16S RNA gene was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level.Results: We generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis-infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, suggesting a possible endosymbiotic relationship, and has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on domestic housefly eggs and larvae. While D. immitis colonization has no effect on the overall species richness, we identified significant differences in the composition of selected bacterial genera and phyla between the two groups. We also reported distinct compositional and phylogenetic differences in the individual bacterial species when commonly identified bacteria were compared.Conclusions: In conclusion, this is the first study to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. Further studies are required to identify bacteria species that could play an important role in the mosquito biology. While the microbiome composition of Ae. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

scholarly journals Water extracts of Brazilian leguminous seeds as rich sources of larvicidal compounds against Aedes aegypti L.

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi F. Farias ◽  
Mariana G. Cavalheiro ◽  
Martônio P. Viana ◽  
Vanessa A. Queiroz ◽  
Lady C.B. Rocha-Bezerra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolism ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Dioclea Megacarpa ◽  
Leguminous Seeds ◽  
Lc50 And Lc90

This study assessed the toxicity of seed water extracts of 15 leguminous species upon Aedes aegypti larvae. A partial chemical and biochemical characterization of water extracts, as well as the assessment of their acute toxicity in mice, were performed. The extracts of Amburana cearensis, Anadenanthera macrocarpa, Dioclea megacarpa, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Piptadenia moniliformis caused 100% of mortalit y after 1 to 3 h of exposure. They showed LC50 and LC90 values ranging from 0.43 ± 0.01 to 9.06 ± 0.12 mg/mL and from 0.71 ± 0.02 to 13.03 ± 0.15 mg/mL, respectively. Among the secondary metabolite constituents, the seed water extracts showed tannins, phenols, flavones, favonols, xanthones, saponins and alkaloids. The extracts also showed high soluble proteins content (0.98 to 7.71 mg/mL), lectin (32 to 256 HU/mL) and trypsin inhibitory activity (3.64 = 0.43 to 26.19 = 0.05 gIT/kg of flour) The electrophoretic profiles showed a great diversity of protein bands, many of which already described as insecticide proteins. The extracts showed low toxicity to mice (LD50 > 0.15 = 0.01 g/kg body weight), but despite these promising results, further studies are necessary to understand the toxicity of these extracts and their constituentsfrom primary and secondary metabolism upon Ae. aegypti.

scholarly journals Laboratory colonization by Dirofilaria immitis alters the microbiome of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Erik Neff ◽  
Amie Geary ◽  
Montana Ciara Husser ◽  
Kevin Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The ability of blood feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered or enhanced by the arthropod’s native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit bacteria, viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, majority of which contributes to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito transmitted filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.Methods: In this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female A. aegypti. Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16SRNA was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level.Results: We generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, suggesting a possible endosymbiotic relationship. It has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on the domestic housefly eggs and larva. While D. immitis colonization has no effect on the overall species richness, we identified significant differences in the composition of selected bacteria genus and phylum between the two groups. We also reported distinct compositional and phylogenetic differences in the individual bacteria species when commonly identified bacteria were compared.Conclusions: In conclusion, this is the first study to the best of our knowledge to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. Further studies is required to identify bacteria species that could play an important role in the mosquito biology. While the microbiome composition of A. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

scholarly journals Laboratory colonization by Dirofilaria immitis alters the microbiome of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Erik Neff ◽  
Amie Geary ◽  
Montana Ciara Husser ◽  
Kevin Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The ability of blood feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered or enhanced by the arthropod’s native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit bacteria, viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, majority of which contributes to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito transmitted filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.Methods: In this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female A. aegypti. Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16SRNA was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level.Results: We generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes. It has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on the domestic housefly eggs and larva. While not statistically significant, D. immitis infection alters bacterial diversity by reducing the bacterial species richness and abundance.Conclusions: In conclusion, this is the first study to the best of our knowledge to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. While the microbiome composition of A. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

scholarly journals Laboratory colonization by Dirofilaria immitis alters the microbiome of female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulsalam Adegoke ◽  
Erik Neff ◽  
Amie Geary ◽  
Montana Ciara Husser ◽  
Kevin Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dirofilaria Immitis ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Variable Region ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Filarial Nematodes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: The ability of blood feeding arthropods to successfully acquire and transmit pathogens of medical and veterinary importance has been shown to be interfered with, or enhanced by, the arthropod’s native microbiome. Mosquitoes transmit viruses, protozoan and filarial nematodes, the majority of which contribute to the 17% of infectious disease cases worldwide. Dirofilaria immitis, a mosquito transmitted by filarial nematodes of dogs and cats, is vectored by several mosquito species including Aedes aegypti.Methods: In this study, we investigated the impact of D. immitis colonization on the microbiome of laboratory reared female A. aegypti. Metagenomic analysis of the V3-V4 variable region of the microbial 16SRNA was used for identification of the microbial differences down to species level.Results We generated a total of 1068 OTUs representing 16 phyla, 181 genera and 271 bacterial species. Overall, in order of abundance, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were the most represented phylum with D. immitis infected mosquitoes having more of Proteobacteria (71%) than uninfected mosquitoes (56.9%). An interesting finding in this study is the detection of Klebsiella oxytoca in relatively similar abundance in infected and uninfected mosquitoes, suggesting a possible endosymbiotic relationship, and has been previously shown to indirectly compete for nutrients with fungi on domestic housefly eggs and larva. While D. immitis colonization has no effect on the overall species richness, we identified significant differences in the composition of selected bacteria genus and phylum between the two groups. We also reported distinct compositional and phylogenetic differences in the individual bacteria species when commonly identified bacteria were compared. Conclusions In conclusion, this is the first study to the best of our knowledge to understand the impact of a filarial infection on the microbiome of its mosquito vector. Further studies are required to identify bacteria species that could play an important role in the mosquito biology. While the microbiome composition of A. aegypti mosquito have been previously reported, our study shows that in an effort to establish itself, a filarial nematode modifies and alters the overall microbial diversity within its mosquito host.

scholarly journals Characterizing and Quantifying Arbovirus Transmission by Aedes aegypti Using Forced Salivation and Analysis of Bloodmeals

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 304
Author(s):  
Megan R. Miller ◽  
Madeleine R. Sorensen ◽  
Erin D. Markle ◽  
Taylor C. Clarkson ◽  
Ashley L. Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Mosquito Vector ◽  
Artificial Blood ◽  
Immunocompromised Mice ◽  
Transmission Studies

Arbovirus transmission studies are dependent on the ability to estimate the titer of virus transmitted from infectious mosquitoes to a host. There are several methods for estimating virus titer in mosquito saliva, including (1) using forced salivation (FS) whereby the infectious mosquito’s proboscis is forced into a capillary tube containing media to collect and test their saliva for virus, and (2) by quantifying virus expectorated into host tissues or into the blood contained in an artificial feeder immediately after blood feeding. We studied FS and bloodmeals to estimate and compare titers of Zika virus and chikungunya virus transmitted by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. Infectious virus and viral genomes of both viruses were detected more often from individual mosquitoes using immersion oil for the FS media compared to fetal bovine serum (FBS) plus glycerol, but the FS media had no influence on virus quantification from positive samples. FS virus titers were equivalent when comparing individuals or groups of mosquitoes that never received a blood meal compared to those that were blood fed immediately prior, showing that blood feeding does not influence FS. This suggested that performing FS on mosquitoes after blood feeding might be an efficient way to estimate virus transmitted during blood feeding. However, detecting virus from the blood remaining in an artificial feeder post-blood feeding was mostly unsuccessful relative to quantifying virus from FS of the post-blood fed mosquitoes. In contrast, immunocompromised mice always became infected after being fed on by Zika-infected mosquitoes, even when no infectious virus was detected in their saliva by FS post-blood feed. Due to this discrepancy, we tested the ingested bloodmeals of individual mosquitoes that fed on artificial blood feeders for virus, and compared these to virus in their saliva harvested from FS and to virus in their bodies. These experiments revealed ~50–100 times higher virus titers in the dissected bloodmeals compared to those detected in the same mosquitoes’ saliva, demonstrating how mosquitoes re-ingest much of their saliva during artificial blood feeding, and highlighting a large increase in virus transmission during Aedes aegypti blood feeding. Both FS and the dissected bloodmeals of artificially blood-fed mosquitoes showed that the quantity of viral RNA expectorated by mosquitoes was 2–5 logs more than the quantity of infectious virus. The results from this study add critical information to understanding and quantifying the transmission of Aedes aegypti arboviruses.

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