scholarly journals Recent and rapid anthropogenic habitat fragmentation increases extinction risk for freshwater biodiversity

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2857-2869
Author(s):  
Chris J. Brauer ◽  
Luciano B. Beheregaray
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat

scholarly journals Recent and rapid anthropogenic habitat fragmentation increases extinction risk for freshwater biodiversity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris J. Brauer ◽  
Luciano B. Beheregaray
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Population Isolation ◽  
Landscape Genomics ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAnthropogenic habitat fragmentation is often implicated as driving the current global extinction crisis, particularly in freshwater ecosystems. The genetic signal of recent population isolation can however be confounded by the complex spatial arrangement of dendritic river systems. Consequently, many populations may presently be managed separately based on an incorrect assumption that they have evolved in isolation. Integrating landscape genomics data with models of connectivity that account for landscape structure, we show that the cumulative effects of multiple in-stream barriers have contributed to the recent decline of a freshwater fish from the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. In addition, individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations further demonstrate that contemporary inferences about population isolation are consistent with the 160-year time frame since construction of in-stream barriers began in the region. Our findings suggest that the impact of very recent fragmentation may be often underestimated for freshwater biodiversity. We argue that proactive conservation measures to reconnect many riverine populations are urgently needed.

scholarly journals Genetic effects of anthropogenic habitat fragmentation on remnant animal and plant populations: a meta-analysis

Ecosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e02488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Schlaepfer ◽  
Brigitte Braschler ◽  
Hans-Peter Rusterholz ◽  
Bruno Baur
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Plant Populations ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat

scholarly journals Multiple drivers of decline in the global status of freshwater crayfish (Decapoda: Astacidea)

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1662) ◽  
pp. 20140060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia I. Richman ◽  
Monika Böhm ◽  
Susan B. Adams ◽  
Fernando Alvarez ◽  
Elizabeth A. Bergey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Freshwater Biodiversity ◽  
Face Threats ◽  
Global Status ◽  
Alternative Means

Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritization methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of the world's 590 freshwater crayfish species using the IUCN Categories and Criteria and found 32% of all species are threatened with extinction. The level of extinction risk differed between families, with proportionally more threatened species in the Parastacidae and Astacidae than in the Cambaridae. Four described species were Extinct and 21% were assessed as Data Deficient. There was geographical variation in the dominant threats affecting the main centres of crayfish diversity. The majority of threatened US and Mexican species face threats associated with urban development, pollution, damming and water management. Conversely, the majority of Australian threatened species are affected by climate change, harvesting, agriculture and invasive species. Only a small proportion of crayfish are found within the boundaries of protected areas, suggesting that alternative means of long-term protection will be required. Our study highlights many of the significant challenges yet to come for freshwater biodiversity unless conservation planning shifts from a reactive to proactive approach.

scholarly journals Hybridization drives genetic erosion in sympatric desert fishes of western North America

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler K. Chafin ◽  
Marlis R. Douglas ◽  
Bradley T. Martin ◽  
Michael E. Douglas
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Genetic Erosion ◽  
Sympatric Species ◽  
Habitat Modification ◽  
Genetic Purity ◽  
Hybrid Swarm ◽  
Desert Fishes ◽  
Differential Adaptation ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat

AbstractMany species have evolved or currently coexist in sympatry due to differential adaptation in a heterogeneous environment. However, anthropogenic habitat modifications can either disrupt reproductive barriers or obscure environmental conditions which underlie fitness gradients. In this study, we evaluated the potential for an anthropogenically-mediated shift in reproductive boundaries that separate two historically sympatric fish species (Gila cypha and G. robusta) endemic to the Colorado River Basin using ddRAD sequencing of 368 individuals. We first examined the integrity of reproductive isolation while in sympatry and allopatry, then characterized hybrid ancestries using genealogical assignment tests. We tested for localized erosion of reproductive isolation by comparing site-wise genomic clines against global patterns and identified a breakdown in the drainage-wide pattern of selection against interspecific heterozygotes. This, in turn, allowed for the formation of a hybrid swarm in one tributary, and asymmetric introgression where species co-occur. We also detected a weak but significant relationship between genetic purity and degree of consumptive water removal, suggesting a role for anthropogenic habitat modifications in undermining species boundaries. In addition, results from basin-wide genomic clines suggested that hybrids and parental forms are adaptively non-equivalent. If so, then a failure to manage for hybridization will exacerbate the long-term extinction risk in parental populations. These results reinforce the role of anthropogenic habitat modification in promoting interspecific introgression in sympatric species by relaxing divergent selection. This, in turn, underscores a broader role for hybridization in decreasing global biodiversity within rapidly deteriorating environments.

scholarly journals Habitat fragmentation causes coevolutionary burning spots

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. De Kort ◽  
M. Baguette ◽  
J.G Prunier ◽  
M. Tessier ◽  
J. Monsimet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Natural Community ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Community Network ◽  
Community Functioning ◽  
Conservation Concern ◽  
Sustainable Conservation ◽  
Natural Settings ◽  
Natural Communities

AbstractHabitat fragmentation increasingly threatens the services provided by natural communities and ecosystem worldwide. An understanding of the underlying eco-evolutionary processes in natural settings is lacking, yet critical to realistic and sustainable conservation. Through integrating the multivariate genetic, biotic and abiotic facets of a natural community network experiencing various degrees of habitat fragmentation, we provide unique insights into the processes underlying community functioning in real, natural conditions. The focal community network comprises a parasitic butterfly of conservation concern, and its two obligatory host species, a plant and an ant. We show that fragmentation of butterfly habitat has the potential to impair the balance between dispersal and coevolution. This process can cause coevolutionary burning spots of decreased genetic diversity and therefore of increased extinction risk. We stress that ignoring such eco-evolutionary feed-backs inherent to the very functioning of natural communities can strongly impact their persistence.One Sentence Summary:Communities under threat of habitat fragmentation suffer increased extinction risk through coevolutionary overheating.

scholarly journals Quantification of habitat fragmentation reveals extinction risk in terrestrial mammals

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (29) ◽  
pp. 7635-7640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin R. Crooks ◽  
Christopher L. Burdett ◽  
David M. Theobald ◽  
Sarah R. B. King ◽  
Moreno Di Marco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Phylogenetic Comparative Methods ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Geographic Range Size ◽  
Mammal Conservation ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Animal Taxon

Although habitat fragmentation is often assumed to be a primary driver of extinction, global patterns of fragmentation and its relationship to extinction risk have not been consistently quantified for any major animal taxon. We developed high-resolution habitat fragmentation models and used phylogenetic comparative methods to quantify the effects of habitat fragmentation on the world’s terrestrial mammals, including 4,018 species across 26 taxonomic Orders. Results demonstrate that species with more fragmentation are at greater risk of extinction, even after accounting for the effects of key macroecological predictors, such as body size and geographic range size. Species with higher fragmentation had smaller ranges and a lower proportion of high-suitability habitat within their range, and most high-suitability habitat occurred outside of protected areas, further elevating extinction risk. Our models provide a quantitative evaluation of extinction risk assessments for species, allow for identification of emerging threats in species not classified as threatened, and provide maps of global hotspots of fragmentation for the world’s terrestrial mammals. Quantification of habitat fragmentation will help guide threat assessment and strategic priorities for global mammal conservation.

scholarly journals Studying about soil mesofauna succession as a way of monitoring anthropogenic habitat fragmentation

2017 ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
Yavornytska O. ◽  
Chernobay Yu.
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Species Diversity ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Soil Biota ◽  
Anthropogenic Influence ◽  
Soil Mesofauna ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat ◽  
Over Time

The problems of spatial fragmentation of ecosystems under anthropogenic influence is considered. The estimate processes that initiate fragmentation. Found that research and monitoring of the phenomenon of succession is important in the study of invasive species, and shows how the species diversity is changing over time. The study compared the rate of formation of soil biota in primary successions and demutation allows to detect typical grops of soil invertebrates mesofauna wich is specific to individual stages of succession.

scholarly journals Low Neutral Genetic Diversity in an Isolated Greater Sage Grouse (Centrocercus Urophasianus) Population in Northwest Wyoming

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Sarah Schulwitz ◽  
Jeff Johnson ◽  
Bryan Bedrosian
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Centrocercus Urophasianus ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Sage Grouse ◽  
Asymmetric Dispersal ◽  
Anthropogenic Habitat ◽  
Neutral Genetic Diversity

Habitat loss is well recognized as an immediate threat to biodiversity. Depending on the dispersal capabilities of the species, increased habitat fragmentation often results in reduced functional connectivity and gene flow followed by population decline and a higher likelihood of eventual extinction. Knowledge of the degree of connectivity between populations is therefore crucial for better management of small populations in a changing landscape. A small population of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) exists in northwest Wyoming within the Jackson Hole valley, including Grand Teton National Park and the National Elk Refuge. To what degree the Jackson population is isolated is not known as natural dispersal barriers in the form of mountains and anthropogenic habitat fragmentation may limit the population’s connectivity to adjacent populations. Using 16 microsatellite loci and 300 greater sage-grouse samples collected throughout Wyoming and southeast Montana, significant population differentiation was found to exist among populations. Results indicated that the Jackson population was isolated relative to the other sampled populations, including Pinedale, its closest neighboring large population to the south. The one exception was a small population immediately to the east of Jackson, in which asymmetric dispersal from Jackson into Gros Ventre was detected. Both Jackson and Gros Ventre populations exhibited significantly reduced levels of neutral genetic diversity relative to other sampled populations. More work is warranted to determine the timing at which Jackson and Gros Ventre populations had become isolated and whether it was primarily due to recent habitat fragmentation or more historic processes. Due to its small population size, continual monitoring of the population is recommended with the goal of at least maintaining current population size and, if possible, increasing suitable habitat and population size to levels recorded in the past.

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