scholarly journals Combining the high-dose/refuge strategy and self-limiting transgenic insects in resistance management-A test in experimental mesocosms

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liqin Zhou ◽  
Nina Alphey ◽  
Adam S. Walker ◽  
Laura M. Travers ◽  
Fevziye Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Management ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Refuge Strategy ◽  
Experimental Mesocosms ◽  
Transgenic Insects

scholarly journals Inheritance of Cry1F resistance in laboratory-selected European corn borer and its survival on transgenic corn expressing the Cry1F toxin

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 621-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J.G. Pereira ◽  
N.P. Storer ◽  
B.D. Siegfried
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Larval Survival ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Transgenic Crop ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Corn Hybrids ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Refuge Strategy

AbstractA major assumption of the high-dose/refuge strategy proposed for insect resistance management strategies for transgenic crop plants that express toxins fromBacillus thuringiensisis that resistance traits that evolve in pest species will be recessive. The inheritance of Cry1F resistance and larval survival on commercially available Cry1F corn hybrids were determined in a laboratory-selected strain of European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis(Hübner), displaying more than 3000-fold resistance to Cry1F. Concentration-response bioassays of reciprocal parental crosses indicated that the resistance is autosomal and recessive. Bioassays of the backcross of the F1generation with the selected strain were consistent with the hypothesis that a single locus, or a set of tightly linked loci, is responsible for the resistance. Greenhouse experiments with Cry1F-expressing corn hybrids indicated that some resistant larvae survived the high dose of toxin delivered by Cry1F-expressing plants although F1progeny of susceptible by resistant crosses had fitness close to zero. These results provide the first direct evidence that the high dose/refuge strategy currently in place to manage resistance in Cry1F-expressing corn is appropriate.

scholarly journals Issues relating to the practical use of transgenic crops for insect pest management

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 396-404
Author(s):  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
J.E. Losey
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Transgenic Crops ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Refuge Strategy ◽  
Bt Toxins

The implementation of transgenic plants for insect pest management requires a thorough evaluation of the risks costs and benefits Currently all commercialised transgenic crops for insect control contain genes expressing specific Bt toxins Excluding environmental and human health concerns the most apparent risk for these Btplants is development of resistance to Bt toxins The high dose/refuge strategy is accepted as most likely to delay or prevent pest resistance development This strategy is based on the best available information but has several incompletely tested assumptions The high dose/refuge strategy requires detailed knowledge of the plantinsect system and its implementation involves rigorous crop management There have been few documented instances of harmful impacts on predators and parasitoids from transgenic plants expressing Bt or other toxins The costs and benefits of using transgenic plants will depend on several factors including the plant species its complex of insect pests environmental conditions and alternative pest management tools and systems such as Integrated Pest Management Benefits of transgenic plants are most likely to outweigh costs and risks for insects that are difficult to control by any other method and/or require numerous insecticide applications

Stop Evolution Now!

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ford Denison
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Pesticide Resistance ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Agricultural Pests ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Refuge Strategy ◽  
Resistance To Herbicides ◽  
Cotton Farmers

This chapter considers ongoing evolution, particularly as it relates to control of agricultural pests. It begins with a discussion of how weeds evolved resistance to herbicides, focusing on the case of watergrass. It then examines the high dose/refuge strategy for slowing the evolution of pesticide resistance, along with the experience of Australian cotton farmers with this approach. It shows that cooperation among Australian cotton farmers was key to the relatively successful management of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) resistance. The chapter also explores two different ways in which nature can serve as a source of ideas for improving pest control in agriculture: comparing natural ecosystems and studying the pest-defense strategies of individual wild plants.

Effect of the high dose/refuge strategy on Bt-crop yield dynamics (mathematical simulation)

BIOPHYSICS ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. V. Rusakov ◽  
A. B. Medvinsky ◽  
B. -L. Li ◽  
M. M. Gonik
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Simulation ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Refuge Strategy ◽  
Bt Crop

scholarly journals An agent-based model of insect resistance management and mitigation for Bt maize: A social science perspective

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Saikai ◽  
Paul D. Mitchell ◽  
Terrance M. Hurley
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Pest Resistance ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Economic Surplus ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Mitigation Policies

AbstractManaging and mitigating agricultural pest resistance to control technologies is a complex system in which biological and social factors spatially and dynamically interact. We build a spatially explicit population genetics model for the evolution of pest resistance to Bt toxins by the insect Ostrinia nubilalis and an agent-based model of Bt maize adoption, emphasizing the importance of social factors. The farmer adoption model for Bt maize weighed both individual profitability and adoption decisions of neighboring farmers to mimic the effects of economic incentives and social networks. The model was calibrated using aggregate adoption data for Wisconsin. Simulation experiments with the model provide insights into mitigation policies for a high-dose Bt maize technology once resistance emerges in a pest population. Mitigation policies evaluated include increased refuge requirements for all farms, localized bans on Bt maize where resistance develops, areawide applications of insecticidal sprays on resistant populations, and taxes on Bt maize seed for all farms. Evaluation metrics include resistance allele frequency, pest population density, farmer adoption of Bt maize and economic surplus generated by Bt maize.Based on economic surplus, the results suggest that refuge requirements should remain the foundation of resistance management and mitigation for high-dose Bt maize technologies. For shorter planning horizons (< 16 years), resistance mitigation strategies did not improve economic surplus from Bt maize. Social networks accelerated the emergence of resistance, making the optimal policy intervention for longer planning horizons rely more on increased refuge requirements and less on insecticidal sprays targeting resistant pest populations. Overall, the importance social factors play in these results implies more social science research, including agent-based models, would contribute to developing better policies to address the evolution of pest resistance.Author SummaryBt maize has been a valuable technology used by farmers for more than two decades to control pest damage to crops. Using Bt maize, however, leads to pest populations evolving resistance to Bt toxins so that benefits decrease. As a result, managing and mitigating resistance has been a serious concern for policymakers balancing the current and future benefits for many stakeholders. While the evolution of insect resistance is a biological phenomenon, human activities also play key roles in agricultural landscapes with active pest management, yet social science research on resistance management and mitigation policies has generally lagged biological research. Hence, to evaluate policy options for resistance mitigation for this complex biological and social system, we build an agent-based model that integrates key social factors into insect ecology in a spatially and dynamically explicit way. We demonstrate the significance of social factors, particularly social networks. Based on an economic surplus criterion, our results suggest that refuge requirements should remain the foundation of resistance mitigation policies for high-dose Bt technologies, rather than localized bans, areawide insecticide sprays, or taxes on Bt maize seed.

Susceptibility of Different Instars of Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Vip3A, a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillaceae: Bacillales) Protein

2019 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 2335-2344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmine Farhan ◽  
Jocelyn L Smith ◽  
Arthur W Schaafsma
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Transgenic Corn ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Survival And Development ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Striacosta Albicosta ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract Striacosta albicosta (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important pest of corn, Zea mays L. in the Great Lakes region, which can be controlled by transgenic corn expressing Vip3A protein from Bacillus thuringiensis. To inform insect resistance management, the susceptibility, survival, and development of first, third, and fifth instar S. albicosta to Vip3A was determined using protein-overlay and corn tissue bioassays. Tissue bioassays were also used to determine the quantity of corn tissues with and without Vip3A-expression consumed by various instars. In diet bioassays, third and fifth instars were significantly less susceptible to Vip3A compared with first instars; however, no significant difference was observed in susceptibility of older instars. In tissue bioassays, survival was lowest for larvae fed Vip3A-expressing tissues, ranging from 0 to 21%, however, developmental measures of larvae fed Vip3A-expressing tissues did not differ from those fed artificial diet or tissues of other Bt events. Consumption of Vip3A × Cry1Ab tissues did not differ from that of Cry1Ab for each instar. Estimated Vip3A exposure of first instars ranged from 3 to 57 times higher than the concentration required for 99% mortality (LC99) based on the product of the reported Vip3A expression in transgenic corn tissues and the consumption observed in tissue bioassays; however, the estimated exposure of third and fifth instars to Vip3A was lower than their respective LC99. These findings suggest that first instar S. albicosta maybe exposed to a high dose of Vip3A under field conditions; however, Vip3A-expression in corn may not be high dose against older instars, increasing the risk of resistance development.

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