Relative Cost/Benefit Trade-Off Between Cover-Seeking and Escape Behaviour in an Ancestral Fish: The Importance of Structural Habitat Heterogeneity

Ethology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Wishingrad ◽  
Douglas P. Chivers ◽  
Maud C. O. Ferrari
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Heterogeneity ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Structural Habitat

scholarly journals Understanding and Encouraging Online Reviewing With a Selection-Based Review System

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 446-464
Author(s):  
Rowanne Fleck ◽  
Benjamin R Cowan ◽  
Eirini Darmanin ◽  
Yixin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Review System ◽  
Personal View ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Consumer Reviews ◽  
Online Consumer Reviews ◽  
Mobile Interface ◽  
Online Consumer ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Online consumer reviews are important for people wishing to make purchases online. However, not everyone contributes online reviews. This paper looks at consumer motivations of reviewing and rating behaviour in order to motivate the design of a mobile interface for online reviewing. An interview study found that people tend to contribute reviews and ratings based on their perception of whether they would be helpful or not to others as well as their own personal view of the usefulness of reviews and ratings when buying products. There also seems to be a cost-benefit trade-off that influences people’s decisions to review and rate: people tend to make a decision based on the perceived value of that review or rating to the community against the effort and costs of contributing. A mobile interface was designed that was intended both to reduce the cost of leaving reviews and to increase the perception of the usefulness of the reviews to others. An initial evaluation of this reviewing interface suggests that it could encourage more people to leave reviews.

scholarly journals Use of Tumor Markers in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Surgeon Perceptions and Cost-Benefit Trade-Off Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 1165-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amish Acharya ◽  
Sheraz R. Markar ◽  
Michael Matar ◽  
Melody Ni ◽  
George B. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Gastrointestinal Cancers ◽  
Trade Off

scholarly journals Growth indices, haematological parameters, carcass attributes and economics of production of rabbits fed graded levels of kolanut testa

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 52-58
Author(s):  
K. B. Balogun ◽  
O. A. Sokunbi ◽  
M. A. Ayoola
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Cost ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cost Differential ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
The Cost

The cost of feed is the main cause of high cost of production of rabbits. Kolanut testa, a protective covering of the kolanut seed (Cola nitida) is readily available as by-product in areas where kolanut is produced. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the growth performance, carcass attributes, haematological parameters and economics of production of rabbits fed diets with varying inclusions levels of kolanut testa (KOT) as replacement for maize. Thirty mixed breed rabbits of mixed sexes were used for this experiment. The rabbits were randomly allotted into 5 treatment groups. Five experimental diets were formulated such that KOT replaced maize at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%. Records of feed intake and weight gain were properly taken and blood samples were collected and analysed for their haematological parameters at the end of the experiment. Cost analysis using dedicated formulae was done to determine economics of production. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance. No significant (P>0.05) difference was recorded in all the parameters measured to determine growth performance. The same applies to parameters measured for carcass attributes except for weight of limbs. Significant (P<0.05) difference was however recorded among mean values of PCV (28.67-36.33%), 6 3 3 3RBC (3.14-4.12x10/mm), WBC (3.10-5.87x10/mm) and Mon (1.40-1.67%) of the experimental animals. Cost of feed decreased with increase in KOT inclusion (N139.8N112.54). Cost of feed (N/kg) weight gain (N1023.61-N583.04); cost of weight gain (N573.22-N483.92); and total cost (N2143.61-N1523.92) all followed similar pattern. Cost differential (205.93–440.04) and relative cost benefit (20.11–43.04%) increased with increase in the level of replacement of KOT. Conclusively, growth performance was not negatively affected and total weight gain was numerically highest at 40% (916.67g) with no deleterious effect on the health of the rabbits. Also, the highest relative cost benefit was recorded at 40% (28.54%). These prove that KOT is a viable substitute for maize in rabbit diet and it is more economical at 40% replacement level.

scholarly journals The computational cost of active information sampling prior to decision making under uncertainty

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Petitet ◽  
Bahaaeddin Attaallah ◽  
Sanjay G Manohar ◽  
Masud Husain
Keyword(s):  
Time Pressure ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
Information Sampling

Humans often seek information to minimise the pervasive effect of uncertainty on decisions. Current theories explain how much knowledge people should gather prior to a decision, based on the cost-benefit structure of the problem at hand. Here, we demonstrate that this framework omits a crucial agent-related factor: the cognitive effort expended while collecting information. Using a novel paradigm, we unveil a speed-efficiency trade-off whereby more informative samples actually take longer to find. Crucially, under sufficient time pressure, humans can break this trade-off, sampling both faster and more efficiently. Computational modelling demonstrates the existence of a hidden cost of cognitive effort which, when incorporated into theoretical models, provides a better account of people's behaviour and also predicts self-reported fatigue accumulated during active sampling. By measuring metacognitive accuracy and uncertainty-reward preferences on a static, passive version of the task, we further validate the theoretical constructs captured by our model. Overall, the results show that the way people seek knowledge to guide their decisions is shaped not only by task-related costs and benefits, but also crucially by the quantifiable computational costs incurred.

Exploring the Culture of Surveillance: A Qualitative Study in Portugal

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Délcio Faustino ◽  
Maria João Simões
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Surveillance Culture ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Subjective Meanings

By following the theoretical framework of the surveillance culture this article aims to detail the surveillance imaginaries and practices that individuals have, capturing differences and social inequalities among respondents. We present an in-depth look into surveillance awareness, exploring subjective meanings and the varying awareness regarding commercial, governmental, and lateral surveillance. Furthermore, a detailed analysis is made on how individuals sometimes welcome surveillance, expanding on the cost-benefit trade-off, and detailing it on three distinct trade-offs: the privacy vs. commercial gains/rewards, the privacy vs. convenience and, the privacy vs. security. Lastly, we present a section that explores and analyzes resistance to surveillance.

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