Voluntary Codes of conduct for botanic gardens and horticulture and engagement with the public

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. H. Heywood
Keyword(s):  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
The Public ◽  
Voluntary Codes Of Conduct

Public Disclosure of the Sweatshop Practices of American Multinational Garment/Shoe Makers/Retailers: Impacts on Their Stock Prices

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Rock
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Stock Prices ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Public Disclosure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Change Behavior ◽  
Voluntary Codes Of Conduct ◽  
The Impact

The anti-sweatshop movement burst in the American public's consciousness in the 1990s. By the late 1990s, an eclectic group of 43 American NGOs and a growing number of international organizations were engaged in the movement. But, as yet, there are no rigorous empirical studies of the impact of anti-sweatshop actions on those firms accused of relying on sweated labor. This paper addresses this lacuna by using the event study technique to empirically assess the impact of public disclosure of firms' sweatshop practices on their stock prices. The paper finds that public disclosure does indeed cause firms' stock prices to fall, sometimes substantially. This, no doubt, explains the rush by these firms to voluntary codes of conduct. The paper also shows that stock prices have reacted positively (and substantially) to the actions taken by one firm, Reebok, to adopt anti-sweatshop practices. These findings appear to confirm the wisdom of the public disclosure strategies used by the movement to get firms to change behavior. But because of the potential for voluntary codes of conduct to result in opportunistic behavior, the paper concludes by arguing that public disclosure will only really work if carried out by independent third party auditors.

Financial Crises and the Public Discourse on Financial Elites

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Cassis ◽  
Giuseppe Telesca
Keyword(s):  
Great Depression ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Late Twentieth

Why were elite bankers and financiers demoted from ‘masters’ to ‘servants’ of society after the Great Depression, a crisis to which they contributed only marginally? Why do they seem to have got away with the recent crisis, in spite of their palpable responsibilities in triggering the Great Recession? This chapter provides an analysis of the differences between the bankers of the Great Depression and their colleagues of the late twentieth/early twenty-first century—regarding their position within, and attitude towards the firm, work culture, mental models, and codes of conduct—complemented with a scrutiny of the public discourse on bankers and financiers before and after the two crises. The authors argue that the (relative) mildness of the Great Recession, compared to the Great Depression, has contributed to preserve elite bankers’ and financiers’ status, income, wealth, and influence. Yet, the long-term consequences of their loss of reputational capital are difficult to assess.

scholarly journals Weißmüller & DeWaele - Would you bribe your Lecturer?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Sabrina Weißmüller ◽  
Lode De Waele
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Influence Tactics ◽  
The Public ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Weak Factor ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Micro Level

Bribery is a complex and critical issue in higher education (HE), causing severe economic and societal harm. Traditionally, most scholarship on HE corruption has focused on institutional factors in developing countries and insights into the psychological and motivational factors that drive HE bribery on the micro-level mechanisms are virtually non-existent. To close this research gap, this study investigates the connection between study-related burnout and university students’ willingness to offer bribes to their lecturers to pass important exams. Conducting a vignette-based quasi-experimental replication study with 624 university students in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands we find that university students in three countries differentiate sharply between different shades of bribery and that a majority accept using emotional influence tactics to pass (failed) exams. In contrast, offering a helping hand or money (i.e., darker shades of bribery) to their lecturer was less acceptable. Study-related burnout is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in these darker shades of bribery and students’ commitment to the public interest is but a weak factor in preventing unethical behavior. In summary, this study provides solid empirical evidence that university students are likely to use emotional influence tactics violating both the ethical codes of conduct and the formalized bureaucratic procedures of HE examination, particularly if they suffer from study-related burnout. However, the accelerating effect of burnout on bribery is conditional in that it only holds for darker shades of bribery. HE institutions may benefit from implementing the four-eye principle and from launching awareness campaigns that enable lecturers to better recognize these tactics and engage students in creating a transparent environment for testing, grading, and collaboration that is resistant to bribery.

NGO Strategies for Promoting Corporate Social Responsibility

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton Winston
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Voluntary Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Corporate Social Accountability ◽  
Naming And Shaming ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
National Governments

This article describes and evaluates the different strategies that have been employed by international human rights nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in attempting to influence the behavior of multinational corporations (MNCs). Within the NGO world, there is a basic divide on tactics for dealing with corporations: Engagers try to draw corporations into dialogue in order to persuade them by means of ethical and prudential arguments to adopt voluntary codes of conduct, while confronters believe that corporations will act only when their financial interests are threatened, and therefore take a more adversarial stance toward them. Confrontational NGOs tend to employ moral stigmatization, or “naming and shaming,” as their primary tactic, while NGOs that favor engagement offer dialogue and limited forms of cooperation with willing MNCs.The article explains the evolving relationship between NGOs and MNCs in relation to human rights issues and defines eight strategies along the engagement/confrontation spectrum used by NGOs in their dealings with MNCs. The potential benefits and risks of various forms of engagement between NGOs and MNCs are analyzed and it is argued that the dynamic created by NGOs pursuing these different strategies can be productive in moving some companies to embrace their social responsibilities. Yet, in order for these changes to be sustainable, national governments will need to enact enforceable international legal standards for corporate social accountability.

Professionalism, Professionalization, and Deprofessionalization in Journalism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Wiik
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Professional Status ◽  
Occupational Socialization ◽  
Structural Level ◽  
Professional Discourse ◽  
The Public ◽  
Journalism Studies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Normative Value

The notion of professionalism within journalism is widespread and has been thoroughly explored. “Professionalism” refers to a normative value system utilized by professionals in relation to their clients, work practices, and occupational socialization. The perspective implies a number of characteristics distinguishing professions from occupations: autonomy, exclusive knowledge, ethical codes of conduct, occupational ideals/culture, and altruistic features (i.e., to act in the public interest). Jointly, these values function as a framework for journalists in everyday practice, guiding and controlling them. In a Western context, this framework legitimizes the social contract that allows journalism the privilege of autonomy and self-regulation on a structural level. The professionalism of journalists has been empirically studied since the 1950s, and the field is constantly expanding. Similar popular conceptualizations when interrogating the norms, practice, and ideals of journalists include, for instance, “role,” “habitus,” “interpretive community,” “ideology,” and “culture.” However, the major body of journalism studies has tried to capture those aspects from a perspective of professional theory. Today, the professional status of journalists is challenged and questioned. Exclusivity is broken, autonomy declines, and other actors are increasingly redefining the field. In this context, new methods and ideals arise. The professional discourse of journalists evolves and adapts in new ways, as does the research in this area.

scholarly journals Similarities and Differences Between Ethical Codes of Conduct of AICPA and IFAC

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Hasan Al-Aidaros ◽  
Kamil Md Idris ◽  
Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Ethical Code ◽  
Ethical Perspective ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ethical Codes ◽  
Independence Principle ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Similarities And Differences

An accountants’ ethical code of conduct represents the moral values, principles and rules that accountants should have. The ethical codes of conduct of AICPA and IFAC are the two main codes most countries adopt to guide their members on how to deal with accounting information from the ethical perspective. While the AICPA ethical code of conduct was developed specifically for the USA, the IFAC ethical code of conduct was developed by taking into account the different practices of ethical code of conduct in various countries. The main purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the similarities and differences of these two codes. The comparison of the two documents is made on the following issues: establishment, structure and approach of the codes, the public interest principle, and the independence principle. The comparative analysis shows that the AICPA and IFAC codes are more similar than different even though some differences are noticeably important.   Keywords: Ethical code of conduct, Accountants, AICPA, IFAC.

scholarly journals Tropical Ginger Cultivation in North American Temperate Climes

2005 ◽  
pp. 83-91
Author(s):  
Michael Bordelon ◽  
John Kress
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
North American ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Botanic Gardens ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Displays ◽  
The Family ◽  
Freezing Temperatures

The popularity of gingers, in the family Zingiberaceae and many native to Southeast Asia, is increasing as more species are brought into cultivation by botanists and as botanic gardens increase their public displays in glasshouses and outside beds. Not only are the foliage and flowers striking in appearance with bright colors and unusual forms, but many have medicinal uses as well. Some species are evergreen while others go dormant during the winter months. Gingers are relatively easy to cultivate and are not prone to insect pests. In regions with freezing temperatures during the winter a glasshouse is required. With proper care and planning, a great variety of species can be successfully cultivated and put on view for the public.

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