scholarly journals PM 7/110 (1)Xanthomonasspp. (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans, Xanthomonas vesicatoria) causing bacterial spot of tomato and sweet pepper

EPPO Bulletin ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Pepper ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans ◽  
Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria ◽  
Xanthomonas Vesicatoria

scholarly journals Genomic Inference of Recombination-Mediated Evolution in Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and X. perforans

2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (13) ◽  
pp. e00136-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa O. Jibrin ◽  
Neha Potnis ◽  
Sujan Timilsina ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Gary E. Vallad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type Iii Secretion ◽  
Type Iii Secretion System ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Secretion System ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans ◽  
Xanthomonas Euvesicatoria

ABSTRACT Recombination is a major driver of evolution in bacterial populations, because it can spread and combine independently evolved beneficial mutations. Recombinant lineages of bacterial pathogens of plants are typically associated with the colonization of novel hosts and the emergence of new diseases. Here we show that recombination between evolutionarily and phenotypically distinct plant-pathogenic lineages generated recombinant lineages with unique combinations of pathogenicity and virulence factors. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria and Xanthomonas perforans are two closely related lineages causing bacterial spot disease on tomato and pepper worldwide. We sequenced the genomes of atypical strains collected from tomato in Nigeria and observed recombination in the type III secretion system and effector genes, which showed alleles from both X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans. Wider horizontal gene transfer was indicated by the fact that the lipopolysaccharide cluster of one strain was most similar to that of a distantly related Xanthomonas pathogen of barley. This strain and others have experienced extensive genomewide homologous recombination, and both species exhibited dynamic open pangenomes. Variation in effector gene repertoires within and between species must be taken into consideration when one is breeding tomatoes for disease resistance. Resistance breeding strategies that target specific effectors must consider possibly dramatic variation in bacterial spot populations across global production regions, as illustrated by the recombinant strains observed here. IMPORTANCE The pathogens that cause bacterial spot of tomato and pepper are extensively studied models of plant-microbe interactions and cause problematic disease worldwide. Atypical bacterial spot strains collected from tomato in Nigeria, and other strains from Italy, India, and Florida, showed evidence of genomewide recombination that generated genetically distinct pathogenic lineages. The strains from Nigeria and Italy were found to have a mix of type III secretion system genes from X. perforans and X. euvesicatoria, as well as effectors from Xanthomonas gardneri. These genes and effectors are important in the establishment of disease, and effectors are common targets of resistance breeding. Our findings point to global diversity in the genomes of bacterial spot pathogens, which is likely to affect the host-pathogen interaction and influence management decisions.

scholarly journals Analysis of Sequenced Genomes of Xanthomonas perforans Identifies Candidate Targets for Resistance Breeding in Tomato

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (10) ◽  
pp. 1097-1104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujan Timilsina ◽  
Peter Abrahamian ◽  
Neha Potnis ◽  
Gerald V. Minsavage ◽  
Frank F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Effector Protein ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Pathogen Populations ◽  
Race 4

Bacterial disease management is a challenge for modern agriculture due to rapid changes in pathogen populations. Genome sequences for hosts and pathogens provide detailed information that facilitates effector-based breeding strategies. Tomato genotypes have gene-for-gene resistance to the bacterial spot pathogen Xanthomonas perforans. The bacterial spot populations in Florida shifted from tomato race 3 to 4, such that the corresponding tomato resistance gene no longer recognizes the effector protein AvrXv3. Genome sequencing showed variation in effector profiles among race 4 strains collected in 2006 and 2012 and compared with a race 3 strain collected in 1991. We examined variation in putative targets of resistance among Florida strains of X. perforans collected from 1991 to 2006. Consistent with race change, avrXv3 was present in race 3 strains but nonfunctional in race 4 strains due to multiple independent mutations. Effectors xopJ4 and avrBs2 were unchanged in all strains. The effector avrBsT was absent in race 3 strains collected in the 1990s but present in race 3 strains collected in 2006 and nearly all race 4 strains. These changes in effector profiles suggest that xopJ4 and avrBsT are currently the best targets for resistance breeding against bacterial spot in tomato.

scholarly journals First Report of Bacterial Spot of Tomato Caused by Xanthomonas perforans in Mississippi

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-147
Author(s):  
P. Abrahamian ◽  
J. M. Klein ◽  
J. B. Jones ◽  
G. E. Vallad ◽  
R. A. Melanson
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
First Report ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans

scholarly journals Characterization of Hypersensitive Resistance to Bacterial Spot Race T3 (Xanthomonas perforans) from Tomato Accession PI 128216

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Robbins ◽  
Audrey Darrigues ◽  
Sung-Chur Sim ◽  
Mohammed Abu Taher Masud ◽  
David M. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Gene Dosage ◽  
Hypersensitive Reaction ◽  
Recurrent Parent ◽  
Chromosome 6 ◽  
Chromosome 11 ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Hypersensitive Resistance ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans ◽  
Additive Gene ◽  
Candidate Loci

Bacterial spot of tomato is caused by four species of Xanthomonas. The accession PI 128216 (Solanum pimpinellifolium) displays a hypersensitive reaction (HR) to race T3 strains (predominately Xanthomonas perforans). We developed an inbred backcross (IBC) population (BC2S5, 178 families) derived from PI 128216 and OH88119 (S. lycopersicum) as the susceptible recurrent parent for simultaneous introgression and genetic analysis of the HR response. These IBC families were evaluated in the greenhouse for HR to race T3 strain Xcv761. The IBC population was genotyped with molecular markers distributed throughout the genome in order to identify candidate loci conferring resistance. We treated the IBC population as a hypothesis forming generation to guide validation in subsequent crosses. Nonparametric analysis identified an association between HR and markers clustered on chromosome 11 (P < 0.05 to 0.0001) and chromosome 6 (0.04 > P > 0.002). Further analysis of the IBC population suggested that markers on chromosome 6 and 11 failed to assort independently, a phenomenon known as gametic phase disequilibrium. Therefore, to validate marker-trait linkages, resistant IBC plants were crossed with OH88119 and BC3F2 progeny were evaluated for HR in the greenhouse. In these subsequent populations, the HR response was associated with the chromosome 11 markers (P < 0.0002) but not with the markers on chromosome 6 (P > 0.25). Independent F2 families were developed by crossing resistant IBC lines to OH8245, OH88119, and OH7530. These populations were genotyped, organized into classes based on chromosome 11 markers, and evaluated for resistance in the field. The PI 128216 locus on chromosome 11 provided resistance that was dependent on gene dosage and genetic background. These results define a single locus, Rx-4, from PI 128216, which provides resistance to bacterial spot race T3, has additive gene action, and is located on chromosome 11.

Xanthomonas vesicatoria virulence factors involved in early stages of bacterial spot development in tomato

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 1936-1943 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Felipe ◽  
A. M. Romero ◽  
M. S. Montecchia ◽  
A. A. Vojnov ◽  
M. I. Bianco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Xanthomonas Vesicatoria

scholarly journals Transcriptome-Based Analysis of Tomato Genotypes Resistant to Bacterial Spot (Xanthomonas perforans) Race T4

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 4070
Author(s):  
Rui Shi ◽  
Dilip R. Panthee
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Stress ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Susceptible Genotype ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Resistant Genotype ◽  
Xanthomonas Perforans ◽  
Sequence Variations ◽  
Stress Pathway ◽  
Go Terms

Bacterial spot (BS) is one of the most devastating foliar bacterial diseases of tomato and is caused by multiple species of Xanthomonas. We performed the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of three tomato lines with different levels of resistance to Xanthomonas perforans race T4 to study the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcript-based sequence variations. Analysis between inoculated and control samples revealed that resistant genotype Solanum pimpinellifolium accession PI 270443 had more DEGs (834), followed by susceptible genotype tomato (S. lycopersicum L) breeding line NC 714 (373), and intermediate genotype tomato breeding line NC 1CELBR (154). Gene ontology (GO) terms revealed that more GO terms (51) were enriched for upregulated DEGs in the resistant genotype PI 270443, and more downregulated DEGs (67) were enriched in the susceptible genotype NC 714. DEGs in the biotic stress pathway showed more upregulated biotic stress pathway DEGs (67) for PI 270443 compared to more downregulated DEGs (125) for the susceptible NC 714 genotype. Resistant genotype PI 270443 has three upregulated DEGs for pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and susceptible genotype NC 714 has one downregulated R gene. Sequence variations called from RNA-Seq reads against the reference genome of susceptible Heinz 1706 showed that chr11, which has multiple reported resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) to BS race T4, is identical between two resistant lines, PI 270443 and NC 1CELBR, suggesting that these two lines share the same resistance QTLs on this chromosome. Several loci for PR resistance proteins with sequence variation between the resistant and susceptible tomato lines were near the known Rx4 resistance gene on chr11, and additional biotic stress associated DEGs near to the known Rx4 resistance gene were also identified from the susceptible NC 714 line.

CONDITIONS FOR SYMPTOMATOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF BACTERIAL CANKER, SPOT, AND SPECK ON TOMATO SEEDLINGS

1966 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 525-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Basu
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Canker ◽  
Bacterial Spot ◽  
Inoculum Concentration ◽  
Tomato Seedlings ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Greenish Yellow ◽  
Brown Leaf ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Bacterial Spot Disease ◽  
Xanthomonas Vesicatoria

Bacterial canker, spot, and speck of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) caused by Corynebacterium michiganense (E.F.S.) Jensen, Xanthomonas vesicatoria (Doidge) Dows., and Pseudomonas tomato (Okabe) Burk., respectively, were symptomatologically differentiated on 2- to 3-week-old spray-inoculated seedlings only under conditions of 87–97% relative humidity and 23–28 °C temperature. The numerical threshold of infection of both C. michiganense and P. tomato was 1 × 106 cells/ml and that of X. vesicatoria was 1 × 103 cells/ml. Preinoculation host injury and an inoculum concentration of 1 × 108 cells/ml were most favorable for high incidence of the diseases.Characteristic symptoms incited by the canker organism were (1) small whitish pimple-like spots developing into raised blister-like lesions on the lamina, (2) elongated swellings on veins, and (3) cankers on the hypocotyl. The distinctive symptoms of the bacterial spot disease were (1) small greenish-yellow to brown leaf spots, (2) large yellow blotches becoming necrotic and producing a severe blight effect on leaves, and (3) light-brown streaks on the hypocotyl. The distinguishing symptoms of the speck disease were discrete dark-brown spots and occasional marginal necrotic areas on leaves and cotyledons. On cotyledons, both C. michiganense and X. vesicatoria produced identical minute whitish flaky spots often with greenish centers. Sometimes these spots coalesced and resulted in wrinkling of the surface of the cotyledon.

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