scholarly journals Ecological and conceptual consequences of Arctic pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 1827-1837
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Kirdyanov ◽  
Paul J. Krusic ◽  
Vladimir V. Shishov ◽  
Eugene A. Vaganov ◽  
Alexey I. Fertikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Pollution

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ARCTIC OIL-POLLUTION PROGRAM*

1975 ◽  
Vol 1975 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
J.H. Getman
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
United States Coast Guard ◽  
Surveillance And Response ◽  
Arctic Pollution ◽  
Arctic Conditions

ABSTRACT With the burgeoning forecasts of oil production and transportation in the cold weather regions-especially Alaska-expectations of spills in the fragile and hostile arctic environment must increase. The Coast Guard, responsible for maritime pollution control, has stepped up its arctic pollution surveillance and response research and development Field experiments on the behavior of oil-one under summer conditions in 1970, and another under winter conditions in 1972-have been run. These indicated that oil spreads at a much slower rate under arctic conditions, and that it pooled on and under the ice. Oil is quickly covered by snow, but the resulting mulch is easily handled by mechanical means. Burning was always a readily available and effective alternate means of removal. Off-the-shelf equipment was evaluated in 1973, resulting in a number of conclusions concerning barriers and moorings, oil recovery systems, and personnel. Based on this field evaluation, there will be additional oil/ice tests of recovery devices.

The Arctic wasteland: a perspective on Arctic pollution

Polar Record ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 32 (182) ◽  
pp. 237-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Davis
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Arctic Basin ◽  
Focus Of Attention ◽  
Kara Sea ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Riverine Input ◽  
Radionuclide Contamination ◽  
Toxic Material ◽  
Arctic Pollution

ABSTRACTArctic pollution has become a focus of attention as a result of the admission byRussia of former indiscriminate dumping of radioactive waste in the Kara Sea; thus, radionuclides in the Arctic Basin have become a major cause for concern. Evidence for the bioaccumulation of toxic contaminants such as organochlorines, PCBs, and heavy metals in the Arctic food webwould seem to raise questions about this issue, there being little evidence of significant levels of radionuclide contamination in higher orders of the chain. However, there is growing evidence of a major influx of toxic material into the Arctic Basin, from riverine input and atmospheric deposition, which is transported to biologically active melt fronts. This suggests thatthe serious polluting of the Arctic Basin, combined with bioaccumulation processes, particularly for organochlorines and trace metals, is a major cause for concern. There is, then, a requirement for an overview of current information on Arctic pollutants, with a consideration of source, transport, and accumulation processes, in order to be able to apply some perspective to the situation, to quantify and qualify the problems, and to suggest appropriate actions.

COLD REGIONS SPILL RESPONSE1

1979 ◽  
Vol 1979 (1) ◽  
pp. 355-358
Author(s):  
Gordon D. Marsh ◽  
Lawrence A. Schultz ◽  
Frank W. DeBord
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Cold Regions ◽  
Response System ◽  
Arctic Pollution ◽  
Broken Ice ◽  
System Requirements

ABSTRACT As a part of its Arctic Pollution Response Research and Development Program, the U.S. Coast Guard in 1977 awarded a systems analysis contract to ARCTEC Incorporated to identify the pollution response system requirements for dealing with spills in ice-infested waters. A cold regions oil pollution response system was defined through an engineering and cost effectiveness analysis of six oil spill scenarios, selected to encompass the broad range of oil spill and environmental conditions likely to be encountered offshore Alaska. Also identified were modifications to the system required to extend the response capability to the seasonally ice-infested waters of the lower 48 states, including the Great Lakes, the northern rivers, and the northern coastal regions. Projections were made of the behavior of the spilled oil in ice-infested waters, and oil spill response scenarios were developed for three levels of spill response. Three distinctly different types of spill response operations were identified: (1) for a thick, stable, level shorefast ice situation; (2) for a dynamic, hum-mocky, heavily concentrated broken ice situation; (3) for the case of light broken ice and open water. The presence of ice was found to aid response efforts in some cases and to hinder or preclude response efforts in others. This paper discusses the three types of spill response required for cold regions and reviews the six Alaskan and three lower 48 scenarios used to define the system requirements.

scholarly journals La contribution du Canada au développement du droit international pour la protection du milieu marin : Le cas spécial de l’Arctique

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-466
Author(s):  
Donat Pharand
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Prevention Act ◽  
Arctic Pollution ◽  
Droit International ◽  
Stockholm Conference

Immediately after the adoption of its Arctic Pollution Prevention Act in 1970, Canada embarked on intense diplomatic efforts in a number of international for a to obtain recognition of international law principles which would serve as a basis for its legislation. These efforts were pursued mainly in three international conferences : the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment of 1972, the London Conference of the International Maritime Consultative Organization on the prevention of pollution by ships in 1973 and the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference which began in 1974 at Caracas. At the 1975 session of that Conference, held in Geneva, a form of Artic clause was inserted in the first Negotiating Text and it provided that coastal States could adopt special protective measures in special areas within their exclusive economic zone, where exceptional hazards to navigation prevailed and marine pollution could cause irreversible disturbance of the ecological balance. In 1976, the provision was enlarged to enable coastal States themselves to enforce such protectives measures, instead of leaving the enforcement to the flag State, and the provision has been kept without change in all the subsequent negotiating texts of 1977, 1979 and 1980. Considering the wide consensus which this provision has received, particularly on the part of other Arctic States, it may now be regarded as part of customary international law and completely validates Canada's arctic legislation.

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