Subjective Stress and Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control Strategies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn A. Husa ◽  
Tony W. Buchanan ◽  
Brenda A. Kirchhoff
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Subjective Stress

scholarly journals How Life Experience Shapes Cognitive Control Strategies: The Case of Air Traffic Control Training

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. e0157731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Arbula ◽  
Mariagrazia Capizzi ◽  
Nicoletta Lombardo ◽  
Antonino Vallesi
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Air Traffic Control ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Air Traffic

Aerobic Fitness and Context Processing in Preadolescent Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren B. Raine ◽  
Mark R. Scudder ◽  
Brian J. Saliba ◽  
Arthur F. Kramer ◽  
Charles Hillman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Aerobic Fitness ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Continuous Performance Task ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Context Processing ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Lower Accuracy

Background:There is a growing trend of inactivity among children, which may not only result in poorer physical health but also poorer cognitive health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between aerobic fitness and proactive and reactive cognitive control using a continuous performance task (CPT).Methods:Forty-eight 9- to 10-year-old children (n = 24 higher fit [HF] and n = 24 lower fit [LF]) performed an AX-CPT requiring them to respond to target cue-probe pairs (AX) or nontarget pairs (AY, BX, BY) under 2 different trial duration conditions, which modulated working memory demands.Results:Across trials and conditions, HF children had greater accuracy than LF children. For target trials, the long duration resulted in lower accuracy than the short duration. For nontarget trials, an interaction of duration and trial was observed, indicating that the long duration resulted in decreased BX and BY accuracy relative to the short duration. AY trials had greater accuracy during the long duration compared with the short duration.Conclusions:These data suggest that fitness may modulate cognitive control strategies during tasks requiring context updating and maintenance, key components of working memory and further support aerobic fitness as a marker of cognitive and brain health in children.

scholarly journals Developmental Changes in the Association Between Cognitive Control and Anxiety

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney A. Filippi ◽  
Anni Subar ◽  
Sanjana Ravi ◽  
Sara Haas ◽  
Sonya V. Troller-Renfree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Anxiety Symptoms ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Just In Time ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
And Performance

AbstractAnxiety has been associated with reliance on reactive (stimulus-driven/reflexive) control strategies in response to conflict. However, this conclusion rests primarily on indirect evidence. Few studies utilize tasks that dissociate the use of reactive (‘just in time’) vs. proactive (anticipatory/preparatory) cognitive control strategies in response to conflict, and none examine children diagnosed with anxiety. The current study utilizes the AX-CPT, which dissociates these two types of cognitive control, to examine cognitive control in youth (ages 8–18) with and without an anxiety diagnosis (n = 56). Results illustrate that planful behavior, consistent with using a proactive strategy, varies by both age and anxiety symptoms. Young children (ages 8–12 years) with high anxiety exhibit significantly less planful behavior than similarly-aged children with low anxiety. These findings highlight the importance of considering how maturation influences relations between anxiety and performance on cognitive-control tasks and have implications for understanding the pathophysiology of anxiety in children.

scholarly journals How reinforcement shapes the binding of stimulus-control associations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Bejjani ◽  
Tobias Egner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Performance Feedback ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Control Learning ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Relevant Word ◽  
And Control

Cognitive control describes the ability to use internal goals to strategically guide how we process and respond to our environment. Changes in the environment lead to adaptation in control strategies. This type of control-learning can be observed in performance adjustments in response to varying proportions of easy to hard trials over blocks of trials on classic cognitive control tasks. Known as the list-wide proportion congruent (LWPC) effect, here, increased difficulty is met with enhanced attentional control. Recent research has shown that reinforcement events, in the form of performance feedback, enhance the LWPC effect, but the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. To assess different hypotheses of how feedback is processed in the LWPC, we manipulated proportion congruency in a Stroop task over blocks of trials and provided trial-by-trial task-relevant word and task-irrelevant, trial-unique image performance feedback. The LWPC task was followed by a surprise recognition memory task for feedback images, which allowed us to test whether attention to feedback (incidental memory for the images) varies as a function of proportion congruency, time, and individual differences in reward sensitivity. We replicated a robust LWPC effect. Importantly, the memory data revealed better encoding of feedback images from context-defining trials (e.g., congruent trials in a mostly congruent block), especially early on in a new context, and in congruent conditions. Individual differences in reward sensitivity were not strongly associated with control-learning effects. These results suggest that reinforcement promotes the rapid forming of associations between stimuli and control demands, or context binding.

scholarly journals Frontal midline theta differentiates separate cognitive control strategies while still generalizing the need for cognitive control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrod Eisma ◽  
Eric Rawls ◽  
Stephanie Long ◽  
Russell Mach ◽  
Connie Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Response Conflict ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Reactive Control ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta

AbstractCognitive control processes encompass many distinct components, including response inhibition (stopping a prepotent response), proactive control (using prior information to enact control), reactive control (last-minute changing of a prepotent response), and conflict monitoring (choosing between two competing responses). While frontal midline theta activity is theorized to be a general marker of the need for cognitive control, a stringent test of this hypothesis would require a quantitative, within-subject comparison of the neural activation patterns indexing many different cognitive control strategies, an experiment lacking in the current literature. We recorded EEG from 176 participants as they performed tasks that tested inhibitory control (Go/Nogo Task), proactive and reactive control (AX-Continuous Performance Task), and resolving response conflict (Global/Local Task-modified Flanker Task). As activity in the theta (4–8 Hz) frequency band is thought to be a common signature of cognitive control, we assessed frontal midline theta activation underlying each cognitive control strategy. In all strategies, we found higher frontal midline theta power for trials that required more cognitive control (target conditions) versus control conditions. Additionally, reactive control and inhibitory control had higher theta power than proactive control and response conflict, and proactive control had higher theta power than response conflict. Using decoding analyses, we were able to successfully decode control from target trials using classifiers trained exclusively on each of the other strategies, thus firmly demonstrating that theta representations of cognitive control generalize across multiple cognitive control strategies. Our results confirm that frontal midline theta-band activity is a common mechanism for initiating and executing cognitive control, but theta power also differentiates between cognitive control mechanisms. As theta activation reliably differs depending on the cognitive control strategy employed, future work will need to focus on the differential role of theta in differing cognitive control strategies.

scholarly journals Learning to Expect the Predictable: The Role of Expectation in the Cognitive Control of Attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Andre Botes
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Unique Challenge ◽  
Fourth Trial ◽  
Selection History ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
The Cost

<p>Some of the visual world is relevant to our goals and needs. Much more is not. A problem we face frequently in day-to-day living is that we are distracted by what is not relevant to our goals at the cost of attention towards what is. Emotional stimuli in particular have been shown to be very effective distractors, out-competing task-relevant stimuli for our attentional resources (Carretié, 2014; Pessoa, 2005; Pourtois et al., 2013).  How often emotional distractors occur can alter our ability to ignore them and remain task focussed (Grimshaw et al., 2018; Schmidts et al., 2020). The Dual Mechanisms of Control framework (Braver et al., 2007; Braver, 2012) suggests that, because we can expect upcoming distractors when they occur frequently, we can effectively avoid distraction through proactive control; the use of effortful preparatory cognitive control strategies.  That said, when distractors are frequent, we also become more experienced with them, and resolving the attentional conflict they create. The present investigation spanned two experiments assessing whether expectation of upcoming distractors would elicit proactive control while holding the experience of previous distractors constant. In Experiment 1 participants performed a simple perceptual task at fixation while neutral or negative task irrelevant images appeared peripherally on 25% of trials, either predictably in sequence (every fourth trial) or randomly. Expectation of distraction did not improve participants’ ability to avoid emotional distraction. A paradoxical expectation effect was also found wherein distraction was increased rather than decreased when distractors occurred predictably.  In Experiment 2 distractors appeared either predictably (every fourth trial), on a random 25% of trials, or on a random 75% of trials. However, neutral and emotional images were now presented at fixation with the perceptual task presented above and below. Greater distractor frequency led to lower distraction and expectation of upcoming distractors again did not improve control, although a paradoxical increase in distraction was not replicated.  Findings indicate that expectation of upcoming distractors alone is not sufficient to drive individuals to implement proactive control. Rather, distractor frequency is suggested to drive proactive control through implicit changes in top-down control settings based on experience. While the processes behind experience-driven proactive control are unclear, conflict adaptation and selection history are discussed as possible mechanisms of experience driven proactive control. Critically, present findings also indicate that emotional stimuli may present a unique challenge to our ability to control our attention.</p>

Behavioral and Cognitive-Control Strategies in the Elimination of an 11-Year-Old Boy's Psychogenic Pain

1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Dollinger ◽  
Patrick D. Cotter
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Reinforcement ◽  
Motor Functions ◽  
Psychogenic Pain ◽  
Psychological Diagnosis ◽  
Pain Reports

The present article describes a behavioral formulation and treatment in the case of an 11-year-old boy who developed intense leg and back pain subsequent to an athletic accident. Social reinforcement was provided for improved motor functions and reduced pain reports; and self-control strategies were used to counter the stigmatizing implications of the psychological diagnosis. Suggestions are offered for dealing with parental beliefs in the equation that “psychogenic symptom equals badness and stubborness.”

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