scholarly journals Examining the effect of stress on the flexible updating of avoidance responses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lemmens ◽  
C.W.E.M. Quaedflieg ◽  
P Dibbets ◽  
M Rijkeboer ◽  
T Smeets
Keyword(s):  
Avoidance Responses

Pleasure and arousal in the marketplace: Interpersonal differences in approach-avoidance responses

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Ridgway ◽  
Scott A. Dawson ◽  
Peter H. Bloch
Keyword(s):  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Avoidance Responses

What is Both Necessary and Sufficient to Maintain Avoidance Responding in the Shuttle Box?

1972 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Katzev
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Avoidance Training ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Shuttle Box ◽  
Training Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Avoidance Responses

To learn what maintains the frequency of shuttle box avoidance responses, male rats from the Berkeley S1 strain, after 200 trials of standard discriminative avoidance training, were given 100 additional trials under one of four different conditions. Responding at the maximum rate was maintained when animals performed under the training conditions or when responses continued to terminate the warning signal immediately, even though shock was never given for failing to respond. In contrast, avoidance responding was reduced markedly if, and only if, trials were given in which the signal ceased to terminate immediately (i.e. it shut off either well before or well after a response). This decrement occurred even though avoidance responses continued to avert shock. Thus, under the conditions of this experiment prompt signal offset was both necessary and sufficient to maintain the occurrence of well-established shuttle box avoidance responses.

Changes in the responses to light quality during ontogeny in Chenopodium album

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Fabio Causin ◽  
Renata D Wulff
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Light Quality ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Reproductive Fitness ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Late Flowering ◽  
Total Leaf ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Morphological shade-avoidance responses have been hypothesized to be a form of adaptive plasticity to improve competition for light; however, little is known about their intraspecific variability and their effect on reproductive fitness. To compare plant responses either at a common age or at a common phenological stage, two experiments were conducted with early- and late-flowering Chenopodium album plants exposed to different red (660 nm) to far red (730 nm) ratios. In the first experiment, plant height and number of leaves were recorded at several times during the vegetative stage, and at the onset of flowering, each plant was harvested and other growth traits were measured. In the second experiment, three destructive harvests were performed across the whole plant cycle. Plant growth and development markedly differed between early- and late-flowering plants in all of the conditions tested. Light treatments significantly affected stem length, total leaf number, total leaf area, and relative allocation to leaf biomass. In all families, the response of stem elongation to light treatments decreased later in the development, while changes in the other plastic responses were mostly due to variations in plant growth. No significant treatment effect was found on relative biomass allocation to reproductive structures. However, individual seed mass significantly differed between certain groups, indicating that light quality can affect reproductive fitness through changes in traits other than fruit or seed set.Key words: Chenopodium album, fitness, intraspecific variability, phenotypic plasticity, red to far red ratio, shade-avoidance responses.

Temperature Preference and Avoidance Responses of the Crayfish, Orconectes obscurus, and Associated Statistical Problems

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilip Mathur ◽  
Robert M. Schutsky ◽  
Edmund J. Purdy Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Temperature Preference ◽  
Preferred Temperature ◽  
Field Collection ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Final Preferred Temperature ◽  
Statistical Problems ◽  
Avoidance Responses

Acute temperature selection and avoidance responses of the crayfish, Orconectes obscurus, acclimated at field collection temperatures of 1.5–26.0 °C and determined in a spatial thermal gradient, were similar to those noted for fishes. Acclimation temperature was positively correlated with the acute preferred and avoided temperatures; both were several degrees higher than the acclimation temperature. A large proportion of the total variance in these data was unexplained. Most variable responses occurred at low acclimation temperatures. The estimated final preferred temperature ranged from 29.8 to 33.9 °C depending upon the method of calculation. Methods of estimating final preferenda from acute tests are considered arbitrary due to statistical problems and the associated high variability. Statistical problems were also noted in the determination of avoidance temperatures of crayfish due to nonindependence of observations on the same organism. No differences were noted (P < 0.05) between the preferred or avoided temperatures when the direction of field temperatures was rising or falling. A statistical comparison of the new and published data on this species revealed general similarities, particularly over an acclimation temperature range of 18.0–30.0 °C. The analysis minimizes the importance of site-specific studies on this species using the current acute testing methods.Key words: crayfish, temperature preference, avoidance, populational variation, statistics, experimental and statistical problems

scholarly journals Avoidance memory requires CaMKII activity to persist after recall

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andressa Radiske ◽  
Maria Carolina Gonzalez ◽  
Janine I. Rossato ◽  
Gênedy Apolinário ◽  
João R. de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Kinase ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Memory Reconsolidation ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Conflicting Information ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Avoidance Memory ◽  
Avoidance Responses

AbstractAvoidance memory is destabilized when recalled concurrently with conflicting information, and must undergo a hippocampus-dependent restabilization process called reconsolidation to persist. CaMKII is a serine/threonine protein kinase essential for memory processing; however, its possible involvement in avoidance memory reconsolidation has not yet been studied. Using pharmacological, electrophysiological and optogenetic tools, we found that in adult male Wistar rats hippocampal CaMKII is necessary to reconsolidate avoidance memory, but not to keep it stored while inactive, and that blocking reconsolidation via CaMKII inhibition erases learned avoidance responses.

On problems of conditioning discriminated lever-press avoidance responses.

1960 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Meyer ◽  
Chungsoo Cho ◽  
Ann F. Wesemann
Keyword(s):  
Lever Press ◽  
Avoidance Responses
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