Switch costs in inhibitory control and voluntary behaviour: A computational study of the antisaccade task

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (7) ◽  
pp. 3205-3220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Aponte ◽  
Klaas E. Stephan ◽  
Jakob Heinzle
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Switch Costs

scholarly journals Switch costs in inhibitory control and voluntary behavior: A computational study of the antisaccade task

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo A. Aponte ◽  
Klaas E. Stephan ◽  
Jakob Heinzle
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Voluntary Action ◽  
Task Switch ◽  
Peripheral Stimulus ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Voluntary Behavior ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Habitual Responses

AbstractAn integral aspect of human cognition is the ability to inhibit habitual responses in order to initiate complex, rule-guided actions. Moreover, humans have also the ability to alternate between different sets of rules or tasks, at the cost of degraded performance when compared to repeating the same task, a phenomenon called the ‘task switch cost’. While it is recognized that switching between tasks requires often to inhibit habitual responses, the interaction between these two forms of cognitive control has been much less studied than each of them separately. Here, we use a computational model to draw a bridge between inhibitory control and voluntary action generation and thereby provide a novel account of seemingly paradoxical findings in the task switch literature. We investigated task switching in the mixed antisaccade task, in which participants are cued to saccade either in the same or in the opposite direction to a peripheral stimulus. Our model demonstrates that stopping a habitual action leads to increased inhibitory control that persists on the next trial. However, enhanced inhibition affects only the probability of generating habitual responses, and, contrary to previous accounts, cannot be characterized as proactive task interference. In addition, our model demonstrates that voluntary actions (but not habitual responses) are slower and more prompt to errors on switch trials compared to repeat trials. We conclude that precisely the interaction between these two effects explains a variety of contradictory findings reported in the literature.

Efficacy of Inhibitory Control in Antisaccade Task and the Polymorphisms of DRD2 Dopamine Receptor Gene in Schizophrenic Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 720-724
Author(s):  
Z. I. Storozheva ◽  
V. M. Brodyansky ◽  
A. V. Kirenskaya ◽  
A. A. Tkachenko ◽  
A. O. Kibitov
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine Receptor ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Gene

Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
JARED A. LINCK ◽  
JOHN W. SCHWIETER ◽  
GRETCHEN SUNDERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switching Performance ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Switching Task ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the role of domain-general inhibitory control in trilingual speech production. Taking an individual differences approach, we examined the relationship between performance on a non-linguistic measure of inhibitory control (the Simon task) and a multilingual language switching task for a group of fifty-six native English (L1) speakers learning French (L2) and Spanish (L3). Better inhibitory control was related to reduced switch costs, but only when switching into or out of the more dominant L1, where inhibitory control has been theorized to be most important (Green, 1998). The results provide evidence of a direct link between inhibitory control abilities and language switching capabilities, and suggest constraints on the conditions under which a domain-general inhibitory control mechanism supports language switching.

scholarly journals Antisaccade Deficits in Schizophrenia Can Be Driven by Attentional Relevance of the Stimuli

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia Bansal ◽  
John M Gaspar ◽  
Benjamin M Robinson ◽  
Carly J Leonard ◽  
Britta Hahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Relevant Stimulus ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Impaired Performance ◽  
Attentional Resources ◽  
Control Subjects

Abstract The antisaccade task is considered a test of cognitive control because it creates a conflict between the strong bottom-up signal produced by the cue and the top-down goal of shifting gaze to the opposite side of the display. Antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia are thought to reflect impaired top-down inhibition of the prepotent bottom-up response to the cue. However, the cue is also a highly task-relevant stimulus that must be covertly attended to determine where to shift gaze. We tested the hypothesis that difficulty in overcoming the attentional relevance of the cue, rather than its bottom-up salience, is key in producing impaired performance in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). We implemented 3 versions of the antisaccade task in which we varied the bottom-up salience of the cue while holding its attentional relevance constant. We found that difficulty in performing a given antisaccade task—relative to a prosaccade version using the same stimuli—was largely independent of the cue’s bottom-up salience. The magnitude of impairment in PSZ relative to control subjects was also independent of bottom-up salience. The greatest impairment was observed in a version where the cue lacked bottom-up salience advantage over other locations. These results indicate that the antisaccade deficit in PSZ does not reflect an impairment in overcoming bottom-up salience of the cue, but PSZ are instead impaired at overcoming its attentional relevance. This deficit may still indicate an underlying inhibitory control impairment but could also reflect a hyperfocusing of attentional resources on the cue.

The effect of inhibitory control and its training on L1 and a new learned language switching

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 653-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huanhuan Liu ◽  
Susan Dunlap ◽  
Lijuan Liang ◽  
Baoguo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Response Latencies ◽  
Late Positive Component ◽  
Switch Costs

Aims: This study aimed to investigate how individuals’ inhibitory control (IC) ability affects language switching in the initial period of language learning. Design: Using a pretest/posttest design and event-related potential (ERP) methodology, we investigated the effect of IC on Chinese–English bilinguals during their language switching between Chinese (L1) and Korean (a language new to the participants, Lnew). All participants were required to name pictures (picture-naming task) in their L1 and Lnew in the pretest and posttest. Low-IC participants received an IC task training between the pretest and the posttest, while the high-IC group did not. Data and analysis: Analyses of both response latencies and ERP data were conducted by repeated-measures ANOVA. Findings: Results showed that the high-IC group exhibited symmetrical switch costs in both the pretest and the posttest. Besides, a more obvious late positive component (LPC) was observed when the high-IC participants switched from L1 to Lnew than the other way around, indicating their ability to inhibit cross-language interference. In contrast, the low-IC group exhibited asymmetrical switch costs, and no amplitude difference when switching between Lnew and L1 in the pretest. However, in the posttest, the switch costs pattern and the LPC results of the low-IC group became similar to those of the high-IC group. Innovation: The present study was a first attempt to provide electrophysiological evidence that IC ability plays an important role during L1–Lnew switching. Significance: These findings support the hypothesis that individuals’ IC ability plays a role of suppressing the non-target lexical access during language switching in the initial period of second language learning. The results also indicate that the relevant training in IC ability could contribute to the improvement of the language-switching efficiency in the initial period of language learning.

Attentional engagement and inhibitory control according to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: An emotional antisaccade task

2022 ◽  
Vol 239 ◽  
pp. 142-150
Author(s):  
Pablo Navalón ◽  
Rosa Sahuquillo-Leal ◽  
Alba Moreno-Giménez ◽  
Ladislao Salmerón ◽  
Pilar Benavent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Attentional Engagement ◽  
Positive And Negative Symptoms

scholarly journals On the flexibility of bilingual language control: The effect of language context

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
KALINKA TIMMER ◽  
INGRID K. CHRISTOFFELS ◽  
ALBERT COSTA
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Linguistic Context ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Switching Patterns ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Language Context ◽  
Naming Latencies ◽  
The Way

How flexible is bilingual language control and how does it adapt to the linguistic context of a conversation? We address this by looking at the pattern of switch costs in contexts involving mostly the use of a dominant or non-dominant language. This linguistic context affected switching patterns: switching was equally costly for both languages in a dominant (L1) context, while switching was harder for the weaker language in the non-dominant (L2) context. Also, naming latencies for each language were affected by the linguistic contexts: only the dominant L1 context led to slower latencies for the dominant language. This latter finding was also present when looking at the LPC component, which may reveal differences in the way inhibitory control is applied depending on the linguistic context. These results reveal that the bilingual language control system is flexible and that it adapts to the linguistic context in which the speaker is placed.

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hyperactivity during inhibitory control in children with ADHD in the antisaccade task

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 2450-2463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Fernandez-Ruiz ◽  
Rebecca M. Hakvoort Schwerdtfeger ◽  
Nadia Alahyane ◽  
Donald C. Brien ◽  
Brian C. Coe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Antisaccade Task ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

scholarly journals The Differential Role of Executive Functions in the Cognitive Control of Language Switching

Languages ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Jared A. Linck ◽  
John W. Schwieter ◽  
Gretchen Sunderman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global And Local

Studies of bilingual speech production suggest that different executive functions (EFs) contribute to the cognitive control of language production. However, no study has simultaneously examined the relationship between different EFs and language control during online speech production. The current study examined individual differences in three EFs (working memory updating, inhibitory control, and task-set switching) and their relationship with performance in a trilingual language-switching task for a group of forty-seven native English (L1) speakers learning French (L2) and Spanish (L3). Analyses indicate complex interactions between EFs and language switching: better inhibitory control was related to smaller L1 switch costs, whereas better working memory was related to larger L1 switch costs. Working memory was also related to larger L2 switch costs, but only when switching from L1. These results support theories of cognitive control that implicate both global and local control mechanisms, and suggest unique contributions of each EF to both global and local cognitive control during language switching. Finally, we discuss the implications for theories of multilingual language control.

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