scholarly journals Fast species diversification among dragonflies (Anisoptera: Odonata: Insecta) inhabiting lentic environments regardless of wing pigmentation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamín Padilla‐Morales ◽  
Paola Cornejo‐Páramo ◽  
Oscar García‐Miranda ◽  
Aldo Issac Carrillo Muñoz ◽  
Andrea Nieto López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversification ◽  
Wing Pigmentation

Synergies and tradeoffs in natural regulation of crop pests and diseases under plant species diversification

2021 ◽  
pp. 105658
Author(s):  
Alain Ratnadass ◽  
Jacques Avelino ◽  
Paula Fernandes ◽  
Philippe Letourmy ◽  
Régis Babin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Natural Regulation

scholarly journals Out of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and rapid radiation across Eurasia for Allium section Daghestanica (Amaryllidaceae)

AoB Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min-Jie Li ◽  
Huan-Xi Yu ◽  
Xian-Lin Guo ◽  
Xing-Jin He
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Divergence Time ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Adjacent Region ◽  
Rapid Radiation ◽  
Divergence Time Estimation ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
The Third ◽  
Evolutionary Line ◽  
History Of

Abstract The disjunctive distribution (Europe-Caucasus-Asia) and species diversification across Eurasia for the genus Allium sect. Daghestanica has fascinating attractions for researchers aiming to understanding the development and history of the modern Eurasia flora. However, no any studies have been carried out to address the evolutionary history of this section. Based on the nrITS and cpDNA fragments (trnL-trnF and rpl32-trnL), the evolutionary history of the third evolutionary line (EL3) of the genus Allium was reconstructed and we further elucidate the evolutionary line of sect. Daghestanica under this background. Our molecular phylogeny recovered two highly supported clades in sect. Daghestanica: the Clade I includes Caucasian-European species and Asian A. maowenense, A. xinlongense and A. carolinianum collected in Qinghai; the Clade II comprises Asian yellowish tepal species, A. chrysanthum, A. chrysocephalum, A. herderianum, A. rude and A. xichuanense. The divergence time estimation and biogeography inference indicated that Asian ancestor located in the QTP and the adjacent region could have migrated to Caucasus and Europe distributions around the Late Miocene and resulted in further divergence and speciation; Asian ancestor underwent the rapid radiation in the QTP and the adjacent region most likely due to the heterogeneous ecology of the QTP resulted from the orogeneses around 4–3 Mya. Our study provides a picture to understand the origin and species diversification across Eurasia for sect. Daghestanica.

Dinosaur Macroevolution and Macroecology

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 379-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger B.J. Benson
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Body Plan ◽  
Adaptive Landscape ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Size Evolution ◽  
Body Size Evolution

Dinosaurs were large-bodied land animals of the Mesozoic that gave rise to birds. They played a fundamental role in structuring Jurassic–Cretaceous ecosystems and had physiology, growth, and reproductive biology unlike those of extant animals. These features have made them targets of theoretical macroecology. Dinosaurs achieved substantial structural diversity, and their fossil record documents the evolutionary assembly of the avian body plan. Phylogeny-based research has allowed new insights into dinosaur macroevolution, including the adaptive landscape of their body size evolution, patterns of species diversification, and the origins of birds and bird-like traits. Nevertheless, much remains unknown due to incompleteness of the fossil record at both local and global scales. This presents major challenges at the frontier of paleobiological research regarding tests of macroecological hypotheses and the effects of dinosaur biology, ecology, and life history on their macroevolution.

scholarly journals KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS IN GRAPEVINES

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
NEIVA IZABEL PIEROZZI ◽  
MARA FERNANDES MOURA
Keyword(s):  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Comparative Analyses ◽  
Species Diversification

ABSTRACT Seven species of Vitis L., V. champinii Planchon, V. cinerea (Engelm in Gray) Engelm, V. girdiana Munson, V. labrusca L., V. rotundifolia Michaux, V. rupestres Scheels and V. vinifera L. were studied with the purpose of complementing the karyomorphometric information for further comparative analyses. Based on ideograms and on chromosome measures obtained it was possible to see several differences among the species, which were enough to distinguish at least V. champinii and V. girdiana from the others as well as V. labrusca for the lowest measures and V. rotundifolia for the highest mean value of arm ratio. It seems that during the species diversification process the most crucial differences among them did not involve drastic changes in chromosome morphometry.

Trends in temperate Australian grass breeding and selection

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex Oram ◽  
Greg Lodge
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Introduced Species ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Ecological Knowledge ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Grass Breeding

Current trends in grass cultivar development are reviewed, with respect to the range of species involved, and the objectives and methodology within each species. Extrapolations and predictions are made about future directions and methodologies. It is assumed that selection will necessarily cater for the following environmental changes: (1) higher year-round temperatures, higher variability of rainfall incidence, and lower total winter and spring rainfall along the south of the continent; (2) higher nutrient and lime inputs as land utilisation intensifies; and (3) the grazing management requirements of the important pasture components will be increasingly defined and met in practice.The 'big four' species, perennial ryegrass, phalaris, cocksfoot and tall fescue, will continue to be the most widely sown species in temperate regions for many decades, with the latter 3 increasing most in area and genetic differentiation. However, species diversification will continue, especially with native grasses, legumes, and shrubs from fertile regions of Australia and exotics from little-explored parts of the world, such as South Africa, western North and South America, coastal Caucasus, and Iraq–Iran. By contrast, the recent high rate of species diversification in the tropics and subtropics will probably give way to a much lower rate of cultivar development by refinement and diversification within the established species. Domestication of native grasses will continue for amenity, recreational, land protection, and grazing purposes. As seed harvesting technologies and ecological knowledge improve, natural stands will become increasingly important as local sources of seed. It is suggested that many native grasses have been greatly changed by natural selection so as to withstand strong competition from introduced species under conditions of higher soil fertility and grazing pressure. Conversely, some introduced species are being selected consciously and naturally to persist in regions with irregular rainfall and less fertile soils. Therefore, the distinction between native and introduced grasses may be disappearing, and many populations of native species could now be as foreign to the habitats of pre-European settlement as are populations of introduced species that have been evolving here for 50–200 years. Methods used for genetic improvement will continue to be selection among both overseas accessions and the many native and introduced populations that have responded to natural selection in Australia. As well, there will be deliberate recurrent crossing and selection programs in both native and introduced species for specific purposes and environments. Increasingly, molecular biology methods will complement traditional ones, at first by the provision of DNA markers to assist the selection of complex traits, and for proving distinctness to obtain Plant Breeders' Rights for new cultivars. Later, genetic engineering will be used to manipulate nutritive value, resistance to fungal and viral diseases, and breeding systems, especially cytoplasmic male sterility and apomixis, to utilise heterosis in hybrid cultivars of grasses, particularly for dairying and intensive meat production.Areas where the practice and management of grass breeding and selection programs could be improved are highlighted throughout the review, and reiterated in a concluding statement. Most problems appear to stem from inadequate training in population ecology, population genetics, evolution, and quantitative inheritance.

scholarly journals Detecting patterns of species diversification in the presence of both rate shifts and mass extinctions

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sacha Laurent ◽  
Marc Robinson-Rechavi ◽  
Nicolas Salamin
Keyword(s):  
Species Number ◽  
Mass Extinctions ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTRecent methodological advances are enabling better examination of speciation and extinction processes and patterns. A major open question is the origin of large discrepancies in species number between groups of the same age. Existing frameworks to model this diversity either focus on changes between lineages, neglecting global effects such as mass extinctions, or focus on changes over time which would affect all lineages. Yet it seems probable that both lineages differences and mass extinctions affect the same groups. Here we used simulations to test the performance of two widely used methods, under complex scenarios. We report good performances, although with a tendency to over-predict events when increasing the complexity of the scenario. Overall, we find that lineage shifts are better detected than mass extinctions. This work has significance for assessing the methods currently used for estimating changes in diversification using phylogenies and developing new tests.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals wingless regulates neural development and signaling genes in the region of wing pigmentation of a polka‐dotted fruit fly

FEBS Journal ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 288 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuichi Fukutomi ◽  
Shu Kondo ◽  
Atsushi Toyoda ◽  
Shuji Shigenobu ◽  
Shigeyuki Koshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Neural Development ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Wing Pigmentation

scholarly journals Snails in the desert: Species diversification of Theba (Gastropoda: Helicidae) along the Atlantic coast of NW Africa

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (14) ◽  
pp. 5524-5538 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carola Greve ◽  
Martin Haase ◽  
Rainer Hutterer ◽  
Dennis Rödder ◽  
Flora Ihlow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Species Diversification ◽  
Desert Species
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