scholarly journals Latitudinal variation in plant chemical defences drives latitudinal patterns of leaf herbivory

Ecography ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 1124-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xoaquín Moreira ◽  
Bastien Castagneyrol ◽  
Luis Abdala-Roberts ◽  
Jorge C. Berny-Mier y Teran ◽  
Bart G. H. Timmermans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latitudinal Variation ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Latitudinal Patterns ◽  
Leaf Herbivory

scholarly journals Effects of soil abiotic factors and plant chemical defences on seed predation on sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xoaquín Moreira ◽  
Ignacio M. Pérez-Ramos ◽  
Luis Matías ◽  
Marta Francisco ◽  
Alberto García-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Predation ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Plant Chemical

scholarly journals Effects of insularity on insect leaf herbivory and chemical defences in a Mediterranean oak species

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1226-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xoaquín Moreira ◽  
Bastien Castagneyrol ◽  
Raúl Mata ◽  
Nikolaos M. Fyllas ◽  
Andrea Galmán ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Leaf Herbivory

Latitudinal variation in egg and clutch size in turtles

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (12) ◽  
pp. 2448-2461 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Iverson ◽  
Christine P. Balgooyen ◽  
Kathy K. Byrd ◽  
Kelly K. Lyddan
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Size ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Latitudinal Variation ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Latitudinal Patterns ◽  
Clutch Mass ◽  
Size Data

Reproductive and body size data from 169 populations of 146 species (56% of those recognized), 65 genera (75%), and 11 families (92%) of turtles were tabulated to test for latitudinal variation in egg and clutch size. Body-size-adjusted correlation analysis of all populations (as well as within most families) revealed (i) a significant negative relationship (r2 = 0.26) between latitude and egg size, (ii) a significant positive relationship (r2 = 0.21) between latitude and clutch size, and (iii) no relationship between latitude and clutch mass. Phylogenetic contrast analyses corroborated these patterns. Clutch size was also negatively correlated with egg size across all populations as well as within most families. We evaluate the applicability to turtles of hypotheses postulated to explain such latitudinal patterns for other vertebrate groups. The observed pattern may be the result of latitudinal variation in selection on egg size and (or) clutch size, as well as on the optimal trade-off between these two traits.

scholarly journals Exploring evolutionary theories of plant defence investment using field populations of the deadly carrot

2019 ◽  
Vol 125 (5) ◽  
pp. 737-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Martinez-Swatson ◽  
Rasmus Kjøller ◽  
Federico Cozzi ◽  
Henrik Toft Simonsen ◽  
Nina Rønsted ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defence ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Multiple Models ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Ideal System ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Defence Strategy ◽  
Thapsia Garganica

Abstract Background and Aims There are a number of disparate models predicting variation in plant chemical defences between species, and within a single species over space and time. These can give conflicting predictions. Here we review a number of these theories, before assessing their power to predict the spatial–temporal variation of thapsigargins between and within populations of the deadly carrot (Thapsia garganica). By utilizing multiple models simultaneously (optimum defence theory, growth rate hypothesis, growth–differentiation balance hypothesis, intra–specific framework and resource exchange model of plant defence), we will highlight gaps in their predictions and evaluate the performance of each. Methods Thapsigargins are potent anti-herbivore compounds that occur in limited richness across the different plant tissues of T. garganica, and therefore represent an ideal system for exploring these models. Thapsia garganica plants were collected from six locations on the island of Ibiza, Spain, and the thapsigargins quantified within reproductive, vegetative and below-ground tissues. The effects of sampling time, location, mammalian herbivory, soil nutrition and changing root-associated fungal communities on the concentrations of thapsigargins within these in situ observations were analysed, and the results were compared with our model predictions. Key Results The models performed well in predicting the general defence strategy of T. garganica and the above-ground distribution of thapsigargins, but failed to predict the considerable proportion of defences found below ground. Models predicting variation over environmental gradients gave conflicting and less specific predictions, with intraspecific variation remaining less understood. Conclusion Here we found that multiple models predicting the general defence strategy of plant species could likely be integrated into a single model, while also finding a clear need to better incorporate below-ground defences into models of plant chemical defences. We found that constitutive and induced thapsigargins differed in their regulation, and suggest that models predicting intraspecific defences should consider them separately. Finally, we suggest that in situ studies be supplemented with experiments in controlled environments to identify specific environmental parameters that regulate variation in defences within species.

Divergent responses of above- and below-ground chemical defence to nitrogen and phosphorus supply in waratahs (Telopea speciosissima)

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1134
Author(s):  
Edita Ritmejerytė ◽  
Berin A. Boughton ◽  
Michael J. Bayly ◽  
Rebecca E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defence ◽  
Chemical Defence ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Secondary Chemistry ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Nutrient Use ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
P Supply

Plant nutrition can affect the allocation of resources to plant chemical defences, yet little is known about how phosphorus (P) supply, and relative nitrogen (N) and P supply, affect chemical defences, especially in species with intrinsically conservative nutrient use adapted to P-impoverished soils. Waratah (Telopea speciosissima (Sm.) R.Br.), like other Proteaceae, is adapted nutrient-poor soils. It was identified as having cyanogenic glycosides (CNglycs) throughout the plant. T. speciosissima seedlings were grown for 15 weeks under two N and P concentrations. CNglycs (N-based defence) and nutrients were quantified in above- and below-ground organs; foliar carbon (C)-based phenolics and tannins were also quantified. CNglyc concentrations in roots were on average 51-fold higher than in above-ground tissues and were affected by both N and P supply, whereas foliar CNglyc concentrations only responded to N supply. Leaves had high concentrations of C-based defences, which increased under low N, and were not correlated with N-based defences. Greater root chemical defence against herbivores and pathogens may be important in a non-mycorrhizal species that relies on basal resprouting following disturbance. The differing responses of secondary chemistry in above- and below-ground organs to P and N demonstrate the importance of broadening the predominantly foliar focus of plant defence studies.

Inducible Plant Chemical Defences: A Cause of Vole Population Cycles?

10.2307/4729 ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L. Lindroth ◽  
George O. Batzli
Keyword(s):  
Population Cycles ◽  
Vole Population ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Plant Chemical

A non‐vector herbivore indirectly increases the transmission of a vector‐borne virus by reducing plant chemical defences

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1091-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Su ◽  
Fengbo Yang ◽  
Qixi Yao ◽  
Zhengke Peng ◽  
Hong Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Vector Borne
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