‘Increasing value and reducing waste’ in paediatric neurological research

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Becker‐Barroso
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Research

An inevitable crisis? From first to second year in counsellor training

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-89
Author(s):  
Hugh Crago
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Training Programme ◽  
First Year ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Counsellor Training ◽  
Student Dropout ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
And Control

In a seminal 1973 paper, Robert Clark described the very different “cultures” of the first and second year students in a four year clinical psychology PhD programme. The author applies Clark’s template to his own experiences as trainee or trainer in five different counsellor education programmes, one in the US and four in Australia. Each of the programmes, to varying degrees, demonstrates key features of the pattern identified by Clark, where the first year is “therapeutic” and other-oriented, the second is “professional” and self-focused. The author concludes that all the surveyed programmes exhibited some level of “second year crisis”, in which a significant number of students felt abandoned, dissatisfied, or rebellious. The author extends and refines Clark’s developmental analogy (first year = childhood; second year = adolescence) to reflect recent neurological research, in particular, the shift from a right hemisphere-dominant first year of life, prioritising affiliative needs, to a left hemisphere-dominant second year, prioritising autonomy and control. This shift is paralleled later by a more gradual move from a protective, supportive childhood to necessary, but sometimes conflictual, individuation in adolescence. The first two years of a counsellor training programme broadly echo this process, a process exacerbated by the second year internship/placement, in which students must “leave home” and adjust to unfamiliar, potentially less nurturing, authority figures. Finally, the author suggests introducing more rigorous “academic holding” into the first year, and greater attention to “therapeutic holding” of dissident students in the second, hopefully decreasing student dropout, and achieving a better balanced training experience.

Role of Exosomes in the Exchange of Spermatozoa after Leaving the Seminiferous Tubule: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 330-338
Author(s):  
Luming Wu ◽  
Yuan Ding ◽  
Shiqiang Han ◽  
Yiqing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Seminiferous Tubule ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Multivesicular Bodies ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
The One

Background: Exosomes are extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from cells upon fusion of an intermediate endocytic compartment with the plasma membrane. They refer to the intraluminal vesicles released from the fusion of multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. The contents and number of exosomes are related to diseases such as metabolic diseases, cancer and inflammatory diseases. Exosomes have been used in neurological research as a drug delivery tool and also as biomarkers for diseases. Recently, exosomes were observed in the seminal plasma of the one who is asthenozoospermia, which can affect sperm motility and capacitation. Objective: The main objective of this review is to deeply discuss the role of exosomes in spermatozoa after leaving the seminiferous tubule. Methods: We conducted an extensive search of the literature available on relationships between exosomes and exosomes in spermatozoa on the bibliographic database. Conclusion: : This review thoroughly discussed the role that exosomes play in the exchange of spermatozoa after leaving the seminiferous tubule and its potential as a drug delivery tool and biomarkers for diseases as well.

scholarly journals MicroRNA profiling of the pig periaqueductal grey (PAG) region reveals candidates potentially related to sex-dependent differences

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaudia Pawlina-Tyszko ◽  
Maria Oczkowicz ◽  
Artur Gurgul ◽  
Tomasz Szmatoła ◽  
Monika Bugno-Poniewierska
Keyword(s):  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Differential Expression Analysis ◽  
Mirna Profile ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Periaqueductal Grey ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Downstream Analysis ◽  
Neuron Growth ◽  
Human Brains ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background MicroRNAs indirectly orchestrate myriads of essential biological processes. A wide diversity of miRNAs of the neurodevelopmental importance characterizes the brain tissue, which, however, exhibits region-specific miRNA profile differences. One of the most conservative regions of the brain is periaqueductal grey (PAG) playing vital roles in significant functions of this organ, also those observed to be sex-influenced. The domestic pig is an important livestock species but is also believed to be an excellent human model. This is of particular importance for neurological research because of the similarity of pig and human brains as well as difficult access to human samples. However, the pig PAG profile has not been characterized so far. Moreover, molecular bases of sex differences connected with brain functioning, including miRNA expression profiles, have not been fully deciphered yet. Methods Thus, in this study, we applied next-generation sequencing to characterize pig PAG expressed microRNAs. Furthermore, we performed differential expression analysis between females and males to identify changes of the miRNA profile and reveal candidates underlying sex-related differences. Results As a result, known brain-enriched, and new miRNAs which will expand the available profile, were identified. The downstream analysis revealed 38 miRNAs being differentially expressed (DE) between female and male samples. Subsequent pathway analysis showed that they enrich processes vital for neuron growth and functioning, such as long-term depression and axon guidance. Among the identified sex-influenced miRNAs were also those associated with the PAG physiology and diseases related to this region. Conclusions The obtained results broaden the knowledge on the porcine PAG miRNAome, along with its dynamism reflected in different isomiR signatures. Moreover, they indicate possible mechanisms associated with sex-influenced differences mediated via miRNAs in the PAG functioning. They also provide candidate miRNAs for further research concerning, i.e., sex-related bases of physiological and pathological processes occurring in the nervous system. Graphical abstract

Animal models of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: optimal choices for the best outcomes

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Huang ◽  
Fengyan Zhao ◽  
Yi Qu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Small Animal ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Large Animal Models ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Serious Disease ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy

AbstractHypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a serious disease leading to neonatal death, is becoming a key area of pediatric neurological research. Despite remarkable advances in the understanding of HIE, the explicit pathogenesis of HIE is unclear, and well-established treatments are absent. Animal models are usually considered as the first step in the exploration of the underlying disease and in evaluating promising therapeutic interventions. Various animal models of HIE have been developed with distinct characteristics, and it is important to choose an appropriate animal model according to the experimental objectives. Generally, small animal models may be more suitable for exploring the mechanisms of HIE, whereas large animal models are better for translational studies. This review focuses on the features of commonly used HIE animal models with respect to their modeling strategies, merits, and shortcomings, and associated neuropathological changes, providing a comprehensive reference for improving existing animal models and developing new animal models.

scholarly journals Sign Language Interpreting in Theatre: Using the Human Body to Create Pictures of the Human Soul

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Michael Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Mirror Neuron System ◽  
Mirror Neuron ◽  
The Body ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Human Soul ◽  
Neuron System ◽  
Theatre Studies ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Sign Language Interpreting

This paper explores theatrical interpreting for Deaf spectators, a specialism that both blurs the separation between translation and interpreting, and replaces these potentials with a paradigm in which the translator's body is central to the production of the target text. Meaningful written translations of dramatic texts into sign language are not currently possible. For Deaf people to access Shakespeare or Moliere in their own language usually means attending a sign language interpreted performance, a typically disappointing experience that fails to provide accessibility or to fulfil the potential of a dynamically equivalent theatrical translation. I argue that when such interpreting events fail, significant contributory factors are the challenges involved in producing such a target text and the insufficient embodiment of that text. The second of these factors suggests that the existing conference and community models of interpreting are insufficient in describing theatrical interpreting. I propose that a model drawn from Theatre Studies, namely psychophysical acting, might be more effective for conceptualising theatrical interpreting. I also draw on theories from neurological research into the Mirror Neuron System to suggest that a highly visual and physical approach to performance (be that by actors or interpreters) is more effective in building a strong actor-spectator interaction than a performance in which meaning is conveyed by spoken words. Arguably this difference in language impact between signed and spoken is irrelevant to hearing audiences attending spoken language plays, but I suggest that for all theatre translators the implications are significant: it is not enough to create a literary translation as the target text; it is also essential to produce a text that suggests physicality. The aim should be the creation of a text which demands full expression through the body, the best picture of the human soul and the fundamental medium of theatre.

scholarly journals ОСНОВНІ НЕВРОЛОГІЧНІ СИМТОМИ ТА ЇХ ПОШИРЕННЯ У СОБАК

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3(71)) ◽  
pp. 240-243
Author(s):  
V. Fedorovych ◽  
L. Slivinska ◽  
N. Fedorovych
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Neurological Symptoms ◽  
Nervous System Diseases ◽  
Anatomical Localization ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
The Brain

As a result of the ambulatory reception it was investigated 12233 animals, of which 5653 (46.2%) were dogs. In the neurological research it had shown the symptoms of the nervous system damage in 653 dogs (11.5%). In particular it was found that paresis and paralysis (23.4%) were the most common neurological symptoms in dogs. Number of animals with inclination of head, ataxia, myoclonus and epileptiform state was respectively 19.8; 14.7; 11.7 and 10.5%. The manifestations of the nervous system damage as nystagmus, tremor and lameness were registered in accordance with 8.3; 4.4 and 4.1% of sick dogs. The least number of dogs were with a disorder of vision (2,8%) and hearing (0,3%), which was associated with the pathology of the nervous system. The above mentioned symptoms of the nervous system diseases do not occur as a symptom, but it was marked their combination – syndromes. The conducted neurological research makes it possible to establish the location of the pathological process in the departments of nervous system (neurons anatomical localization).As a result of the research and the results found that most dogs manifest the symptoms of damage to the brain and spinal mozkupaytiyi. Based on the results of verification of the diagnosis will be made using the methods of visual diagnostics. 

scholarly journals Acute musculoskeletal neck and back pain

2021 ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Y. N. Maksimov ◽  
D. Kh. Khaibullina
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Intervertebral Discs ◽  
Economic Problem ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
First Case ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Neurological Research

Back and neck pain is widespread in the population. Preferably, patients of working age are sick, which leads to serious economic losses. The transition of pain from acute to chronic increases financial costs, so effective treatment of back pain is an important medical, social and economic problem. Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) prevails among all types of back pain. The source of the MSP can be various structures of the musculoskeletal system: bones, joints, muscles, fascia, tendons, ligaments, intervertebral discs. The provoking factors for the development of the MSP are static and dynamic overloads arising from physical work, long stay in a fixed posture, unprepared movements, hypothermia, vibrations. The leading diagnostic method for the MSP is a physical research of a patient which includes a detailed collection of complaints and anamnesis, inspection in statics and dynamics, carrying out global and special tests, neuroorthopedic and neurological research. In most cases, the analysis of the results obtained allows you to set a clinical diagnosis without appointing additional research methods. Two cases of acute MSP with different localization, clinical manifestations and flow are offered to the discussion. In the first case, the process was localized in the muscles of the law back. In the second patient, the muscular tonic syndrome developed in the muscles of the neck and shoulder belt and was supported by functional blockades of the vertebral motor segments. For the treatment of both patients, NSAID, muscle relaxant, glucocorticoid, as well as non-drug therapy methods were used. For local injection therapy, a drug group of glucocorticoids was used, having a sodium phosphate and betamethazone dipropionate as part of the sodium betamethasone. The combination of two betamethazone salts provides both the rapid and prolonged effect of the drug, which makes it reasonable to use it with acute musculoskeletal pain.

Understanding Culturally Responsive Play Through Drama-Based Pedagogy

2021 ◽  
pp. 617-634
Author(s):  
Holly B. McCartney ◽  
Joshua Rashon Streeter ◽  
Aaron T. Bodle
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Culturally Responsive ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Scientific Support ◽  
Neurological Research ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Early Childhood Settings

In this chapter, the authors outline three critical professional and ethical considerations for school leaders in early childhood settings to consider when examining the importance of including play in early childhood curricula. Beginning with an exploration of the critical role play serves in the lives of young children and positing that fundamentally, play is broadly supported across the domains of early childhood through theoretical and empirical work as well as more recent scientific support from neurological research. The authors outline a broader definition of play beyond a Eurocentric vision, and the ways in which school administrators can and should view play as culturally responsive pedagogy through the use of drama-based pedagogy.

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