scholarly journals The relative conservation impact of strategies that prioritize biodiversity representation, threats, and protection costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond Sacre ◽  
Rebecca Weeks ◽  
Michael Bode ◽  
Robert L. Pressey
Keyword(s):  
Relative Conservation ◽  
Protection Costs

Environmental category of reporting on sustainable development of the corporation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1103-1122
Author(s):  
Natal'ya G. SAPOZHNIKOVA ◽  
Mariya V. TKACHEVA
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Environmental Initiatives ◽  
Corporate Reporting ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Logical Method ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Protection Costs

Subject. This article discusses the issues of reporting on sustainable development in the Russian Federation, which is a State task approved by the Concept for the Development of Public Non-Financial Reporting. Objectives. The article aims to investigate the issues of systematization and disclosure of information on aspects of the environmental category of sustainable development reporting and explain the rationale to develop corporate standards that ensure the formation of internal and public non-financial reporting. Methods. For the study, we used analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, and the logical method. Results. The article substantiates the need to develop corporate reporting standards that systematize information on aspects of the environmental category and presents a typology of environmental protection costs that form indicators that allow assessing the effectiveness of environmental initiatives. Conclusions. The proposals formulated can contribute to the task of generating reliable information on the environmental category of sustainable development reporting enabling users to make informed economic decisions.

scholarly journals Why entrepreneurs establish firms: Competition, protection costs, and rise of the firm

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radoslav P. Kotorov
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
Protection Costs

This article presents an alternative perspective on the nature and function of the firm.

scholarly journals How much forest protection is needed?

1971 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-24
Author(s):  
J. Harry G. Smith
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Suppression ◽  
Forest Protection ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Protection Costs

The need to develop improved methods for damage appraisal and a desire for better understanding of the economics of forest protection are illustrated with some data on forest fires in British Columbia. 1912-1968. Fire suppression and general protection costs have increased very rapidly in recent years and may already have exceeded a level that can be justified easily, economically.

scholarly journals Comparing drinking water treatment costs to source water protection costs using time series analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 8741-8756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Heberling ◽  
Christopher T. Nietch ◽  
Hale W. Thurston ◽  
Michael Elovitz ◽  
Kelly H. Birkenhauer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Costs ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Water Protection ◽  
Source Water Protection ◽  
Protection Costs

scholarly journals Handelskapital und Handelskapitalismus

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (128) ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Peter Kriedte
Keyword(s):  
Financial Capital ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Merchant Capital ◽  
Five Elements ◽  
Merchant Capitalism ◽  
Protection Costs

Towards a theory of early European capitalism The starting point of the paper is Marx's theory of merchant capital. In contrast to Fernand Brandei the author argues that the early European capitalism was distinctive from its later forms. Five elements of a theory of merchant capitalism are discussed: the hierarchy of the economic spheres, the relation to the sphere of production, merchant capital and precapitalist modes of production, merchant and financial capital, protection und protection costs.

scholarly journals Calculating site-specific evolutionary rates at the amino-acid or codon level yields similar rate estimates

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariya K. Sydykova ◽  
Claus O. Wilke
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Conservation Score ◽  
Amino Acid Level ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Relative Conservation ◽  
The Relationship

Site-specific evolutionary rates can be estimated from codon sequences or from amino-acid sequences. For codon sequences, the most popular methods use some variation of the dN∕dS ratio. For amino-acid sequences, one widely-used method is called Rate4Site, and it assigns a relative conservation score to each site in an alignment. How site-wise dN∕dS values relate to Rate4Site scores is not known. Here we elucidate the relationship between these two rate measurements. We simulate sequences with known dN∕dS, using either dN∕dS models or mutation–selection models for simulation. We then infer Rate4Site scores on the simulated alignments, and we compare those scores to either true or inferred dN∕dS values on the same alignments. We find that Rate4Site scores generally correlate well with true dN∕dS, and the correlation strengths increase in alignments with greater sequence divergence and more taxa. Moreover, Rate4Site scores correlate very well with inferred (as opposed to true) dN∕dS values, even for small alignments with little divergence. Finally, we verify this relationship between Rate4Site and dN∕dS in a variety of empirical datasets. We conclude that codon-level and amino-acid-level analysis frameworks are directly comparable and yield very similar inferences.

scholarly journals A Proposed Procedure for Distributing Assessments Among Beneficiaries of Small Watershed Projects

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Lacewell ◽  
Vernon R. Eidman
Keyword(s):  
Flood Plain ◽  
Flood Protection ◽  
Small Watershed ◽  
Assessment Criterion ◽  
Land Treatment ◽  
Structural Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Protection Costs

Conservancy districts can plan and apply land treatment and structural measures to reduce flooding and associated damages. The Conservancy District Act permits conservancy districts to appraise benefits and levy assessments to pay the cost of installing, operating, and maintaining works of flood protection not included in legislative appropriations. We are concerned with the method whereby these specified costs are distributed among flood plain farmers.The assessment criterion is: Each beneficiary shall be assessed in relation to the proportion of benefits received. That is, flood plain farmers are to pay the proportion of specified flood protection costs that equal the proportion of total benefits received. The objective of assessing is consistent and equitable, but there is yet to be developed a method for computing assessments which meet this norm or objective.

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