While early studies on the Korean long distance anaphor caki describe it to be subject-oriented in that it can
only take subject antecedents, similarly to long distance anaphors in many other languages, more recent studies observe that it
can take non-subject antecedents as well, especially in the context of certain verbs. This paper presents a visual-world
eye-tracking study that tested whether the antecedent potential of caki in an embedded subject position is a
function of the matrix subject, the matrix verb, or both, and whether the subject and the verb effects constrain the
interpretation of caki in the same way as null pronouns, a commonly used pronominal form in Korean. These
questions were addressed through an investigation of how the subject effect and the verb effect were manifested in processing
these pronouns. We found that when caki, but not null pronouns, was first processed, there were more fixations to
the images representing the matrix subject than the images representing the matrix object regardless of the matrix verb. We
further found that the proportions of fixations to the images in both caki and null trials changed after the
processing of some sentential verbs. These findings demonstrate that while null pronoun interpretation is a function of the verb
effect only, caki-interpretation is a function of both the subject and the verb effect, supporting a
multiple-constraints approach to anaphor resolution.
Subject Extraction out of Free Relatives in Norwegian