Innervation of the wing membrane in the bent‐winged bat Miniopterus fuliginosus

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-685
Author(s):  
Asuna Aoyama ◽  
Karla Cristine Callano Doysabas ◽  
Atsuo Iida ◽  
Eiichi Hondo
Keyword(s):  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Miniopterus Fuliginosus

scholarly journals Detection of Alpha- and Betacoronaviruses in Miniopterus fuliginosus and Rousettus leschenaultii, two species of Sri Lankan Bats

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Therese Muzeniek ◽  
Thejanee Perera ◽  
Sahan Siriwardana ◽  
Dilara Bas ◽  
Fatimanur Kaplan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sanger Sequencing ◽  
Rectal Swab ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Rna Dependent Rna Polymerase ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses ◽  
Miniopterus Fuliginosus ◽  
Important Basis

Bats are known to be potential reservoirs of numerous human-pathogenic viruses. They have been identified as natural hosts for coronaviruses, causing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in humans. Since the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 interest in the prevalence of coronaviruses in bats was newly raised. In this study we investigated different bat species living in a sympatric colony in the Wavul Galge cave (Koslanda, Sri Lanka). In three field sessions (in 2018 and 2019), 395 bats were captured (Miniopterus, Rousettus, Hipposideros and Rhinolophus spp.) and either rectal swabs or fecal samples were collected. From these overall 396 rectal swab and fecal samples, the screening for coronaviruses with nested PCR resulted in 33 positive samples, 31 of which originated from Miniopterus fuliginosus and two from Rousettus leschenaultii. Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the obtained 384-nt fragment of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase revealed that the examined M. fuliginosus bats excrete alphacoronaviruses and the examined R. leschenaultii bats excrete betacoronaviruses. Despite the sympatric roosting habitat, the coronaviruses showed host specificity and seemed to be limited to one species. Our results represent an important basis to better understand the prevalence of coronaviruses in Sri Lankan bats and may provide a basis for pursuing studies on particular bat species of interest.

scholarly journals Insect Wing Membrane Topography Is Determined by the Dorsal Wing Epithelium

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea D Belalcazar ◽  
Kristy Doyle ◽  
Justin Hogan ◽  
David Neff ◽  
Simon Collier
Keyword(s):  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Ventral Surface ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Membrane Topography ◽  
Wing Hair ◽  
Pcp Signaling ◽  
Multiple Cells

Abstract The Drosophila wing consists of a transparent wing membrane supported by a network of wing veins. Previously, we have shown that the wing membrane cuticle is not flat but is organized into ridges that are the equivalent of one wing epithelial cell in width and multiple cells in length. These cuticle ridges have an anteroposterior orientation in the anterior wing and a proximodistal orientation in the posterior wing. The precise topography of the wing membrane is remarkable because it is a fusion of two independent cuticle contributions from the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia. Here, through morphological and genetic studies, we show that it is the dorsal wing epithelium that determines wing membrane topography. Specifically, we find that wing hair location and membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, surface of the wing. In addition, we find that altering Frizzled Planar Cell Polarity (i.e., Fz PCP) signaling in the dorsal wing epithelium alone changes the membrane topography of both dorsal and ventral wing surfaces. We also examined the wing morphology of two model Hymenopterans, the honeybee Apis mellifera and the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis. In both cases, wing hair location and wing membrane topography are coordinated on the dorsal, but not ventral, wing surface, suggesting that the dorsal wing epithelium also controls wing topography in these species. Because phylogenomic studies have identified the Hymenotera as basal within the Endopterygota family tree, these findings suggest that this is a primitive insect character.

An association between ear and tail morphologies of bats and their foraging style

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Gardiner ◽  
Jonathan R. Codd ◽  
Robert L. Nudds
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Foraging Strategy ◽  
Aerodynamic Performance ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Flight Performance ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Scaling Relationships ◽  
Membrane Morphology ◽  
Foraging Flight

Most studies relating bat morphology to flight ecology have concentrated on the wing membrane. Here, canonical variance analysis showed that the ear and tail morphologies of bats also strongly relate to foraging strategy, which in turn is correlated with flight style. Variations in tail membrane morphology are likely to be a trade-off between increases in the mechanical cost of flight and improvements in foraging and flight performance. Flying with large ears is also potentially energetically expensive, particularly at high flight speeds. Large ears, therefore, are only likely to be affordable for slow foraging gleaning bat species. Bats with faster foraging flight styles tend to have smaller ears, possibly to cut the overall drag produced and reduce the power required for flight. Variations in the size of ears and tail membranes appear to be driven primarily by foraging strategy and not by body size, because the scaling relationships found are either weak or not significant. Ear size in bats may be a result of a trade-off between acoustic and aerodynamic performance.

scholarly journals Developmental, cellular, and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron F. Pomerantz ◽  
Radwanul H. Siddique ◽  
Elizabeth I. Cash ◽  
Yuriko Kishi ◽  
Charline Pinna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Layer ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Scale Growth ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Cytoskeletal Organization ◽  
Surface Nanostructures ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Confocal And Electron Microscopy

The wings of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are typically covered with thousands of flat, overlapping scales that endow the wings with colorful patterns. Yet, numerous species of Lepidoptera have evolved highly transparent wings, which often possess scales of altered morphology and reduced size, and the presence of membrane surface nanostructures that dramatically reduce reflection. Optical properties and anti-reflective nanostructures have been characterized for several ‘clearwing’ Lepidoptera, but the developmental processes underlying wing transparency are unknown. Here, we apply confocal and electron microscopy to create a developmental time-series in the glasswing butterfly, Greta oto, comparing transparent and non-transparent wing regions. We find that during early wing development, scale precursor cell density is reduced in transparent regions, and cytoskeletal organization during scale growth differs between thin, bristle-like scale morphologies within transparent regions and flat, round scale morphologies within opaque regions. Next, we show that nanostructures on the wing membrane surface are composed of two layers: a lower layer of regularly arranged nipple-like nanostructures, and an upper layer of irregularly arranged wax-based nanopillars composed predominantly of long-chain n-alkanes. By chemically removing wax-based nanopillars, along with optical spectroscopy and analytical simulations, we demonstrate their role in generating anti-reflective properties. These findings provide insight into morphogenesis and composition of naturally organized micro- and nanostructures and may provide bioinspiration for new anti-reflective materials.

scholarly journals Comparative Aspects Of The Morphogenesis And Morphology Of The Wing Membranes Of Bats (Chiroptera) And Flying Lemurs (Dermoptera)

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Kovalyova
Keyword(s):  
Mesenchymal Cells ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
The Web

Abstract The heterogeneity of formation of different areas in the wing membrane of Chiroptera and Dermoptera was established. The web between metacarpals and digits (chiropatagium) was formed by the mesenchyme which initially formed the forelimb rudiment. The plagiopatagium and propatagium were formed by proliferation of the trunk mesenchymal cells.

scholarly journals Particle Adhesion Measurements on Insect Wing Membranes Using Atomic Force Microscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Watson ◽  
Bronwen W. Cribb ◽  
Jolanta A. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Force Microscopy ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Wing Surface ◽  
Silica Spheres ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Insect Wing ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Plant Matter ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Eurema Hecabe

Many insects have evolved refined self-cleaning membrane structuring to contend with an environment that presents a range of potential contaminates. Contamination has the potential to reduce or interfere with the primary functioning of the wing membrane or affect other wing cuticle properties, (for example, antireflection). Insects will typically encounter a variety of air-borne contaminants which include plant matter and soil fragments. Insects with relatively long or large wings may be especially susceptible to fouling due to the high-wing surface area and reduced ability to clean their extremities. In this study we have investigated the adhesion of particles (pollens and hydrophilic silica spheres) to wing membranes of the super/hydrophobic cicada (Thopha sessiliba), butterfly (Eurema hecabe), and the hydrophilic wing of flower wasp (Scolia soror). The adhesional forces with both hydrophobic insects was significantly lower for all particle types than the hydrophilic insect species studied.

Challenges and advances in the study of pterosaur flight

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 945-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.M. Middleton ◽  
L.T. English
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Flapping Flight ◽  
Flight Mechanics ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Membrane Function ◽  
Aerodynamic Modeling ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bone Loading

Pterosaurs have fascinated scientists and nonscientists alike for over 200 years, as one of the three known clades of vertebrates to have evolved flapping flight. The smallest pterosaurs were comparable in size to the smallest extant birds and bats, but the largest pterosaurs were vastly larger than any extant flier. This immense size range, coupled with poor preservation and adaptations for flight unknown in extant vertebrates, have made interpretations of pterosaur flight problematic and often contentious. Here we review the anatomical, evolutionary, and phylogenetic history of pterosaurs, as well as the views, perspectives, and biases regarding their interpretation. In recent years, three areas of pterosaur biology have faced challenges and made advances: structure of the wing membrane, function of the pteroid, body size and mass estimates, as well as flight mechanics and aerodynamics. Comparative anatomical and fossil study, simulated bone loading, and aerodynamic modeling have all proved successful in furthering our understanding of pterosaur flight. We agree with previous authors that pterosaurs should be studied as pterosaurs, a diverse but phylogenetically, anatomically, and mechanically constrained clade that can offer new insights into the diversity of vertebrate flight.

scholarly journals Circulation in Insect Wings

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 1208-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary K Salcedo ◽  
John J Socha
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Structures ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Living Tissue ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Active Sensors ◽  
Wing Membrane ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Sensory Hairs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Membrane Wing

Synopsis Insect wings are living, flexible structures composed of tubular veins and thin wing membrane. Wing veins can contain hemolymph (insect blood), tracheae, and nerves. Continuous flow of hemolymph within insect wings ensures that sensory hairs, structural elements such as resilin, and other living tissue within the wings remain functional. While it is well known that hemolymph circulates through insect wings, the extent of wing circulation (e.g., whether flow is present in every vein, and whether it is confined to the veins alone) is not well understood, especially for wings with complex wing venation. Over the last 100 years, scientists have developed experimental methods including microscopy, fluorescence, and thermography to observe flow in the wings. Recognizing and evaluating the importance of hemolymph movement in insect wings is critical in evaluating how the wings function both as flight appendages, as active sensors, and as thermoregulatory organs. In this review, we discuss the history of circulation in wings, past and present experimental techniques for measuring hemolymph, and broad implications for the field of hemodynamics in insect wings.

Recharacterization of Rhynchoheterotricha Freeman (Diptera, Sciaroidea), with description of R. chandleri sp. n. from South Africa

Zootaxa ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 1167 (1) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
HEIKKI HIPPA ◽  
PEKKA VILKAMAA
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Wing Membrane

Rhynchoheterotricha chandleri sp. n. is described from South Africa. It differs from the earlier known R. stuckenbergae Freeman by having a setose wing membrane and a proboscis that is only about half the height of the head rather than about three times as long as the head. Through a detailed morphological analysis, the genus is recharacterized. The previously unknown female morphology is presented.

scholarly journals Rapid frequency control of sonar sounds by the FM bat, Miniopterus fuliginosus, in response to spectral overlap

2016 ◽  
Vol 128 ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuma Hase ◽  
Takara Miyamoto ◽  
Kohta I. Kobayasi ◽  
Shizuko Hiryu
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Control ◽  
Spectral Overlap ◽  
Fm Bat ◽  
Miniopterus Fuliginosus
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