Large trees and decay: Suppliers of a keystone resource for cavity-using wildlife in old-growth and secondary Andean temperate forests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Tomás Ibarra ◽  
Fernando J. Novoa ◽  
Hélène Jaillard ◽  
Tomás A. Altamirano
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Keystone Resource

Complementary Models of Tree Species–Soil Relationships in Old-Growth Temperate Forests

Ecosystems ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Cross ◽  
Steven S. Perakis
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Old Growth

Breakage or uprooting: How tree death type affects hillslope processes in old-growth temperate forests

Geomorphology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 299 ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šamonil ◽  
Pavel Daněk ◽  
Dušan Adam ◽  
Jonathan D. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Hillslope Processes

scholarly journals Older eastern white pine trees and stands sequester carbon for many decades and maximize cumulative carbon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Leverett ◽  
Susan A. Masino ◽  
William R. Moomaw
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
White Pine ◽  
Eastern White Pine ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Natural Climate

AbstractPre-settlement New England was heavily forested, with some trees exceeding 2 m in diameter. New England’s forests have regrown since farm abandonment and represent what is arguably the most successful regional reforestation on record; the region has recently been identified as part of the “Global Safety Net.” Remnants and groves of primary “old-growth” forest demonstrate that native tree species can live for hundreds of years and continue to add to the biomass and structural and ecological complexity of forests. Forests are an essential natural climate solution for accumulating and storing atmospheric CO2, and some studies emphasize young, fast-growing trees and forests whereas others highlight high carbon storage and accumulation rates in old trees and intact forests. To address this question directly within New England we leveraged long-term, accurate field measurements along with volume modeling of individual trees and intact stands of eastern white pines (Pinus strobus) and compared our results to models developed by the U.S. Forest Service. Our major findings complement, extend, and clarify previous findings and are three-fold: 1) intact eastern white pine forests continue to sequester carbon and store high cumulative carbon above ground; 2) large trees dominate above-ground carbon storage and can sequester significant amounts of carbon for hundreds of years; 3) productive pine stands can continue to sequester high amounts of carbon for well over 150 years. Because the next decades are critical in addressing the climate crisis, and the vast majority of New England forests are less than 100 years old, and can at least double their cumulative carbon, a major implication of this work is that maintaining and accumulating maximal carbon in existing forests – proforestation - is a powerful near-term regional climate solution. Furthermore, old and old-growth forests are rare, complex and highly dynamic and biodiverse, and dedication of some forests to proforestation will also protect natural selection, ecosystem integrity and full native biodiversity long-term. In sum, strategic policies that grow and protect existing forests in New England will optimize a proven, low cost, natural climate solution for meeting climate and biodiversity goals now and in the critical coming decades.

Soil, regolith, and weathered rock: Theoretical concepts and evolution in old-growth temperate forests, Central Europe

Geoderma ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 368 ◽  
pp. 114261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šamonil ◽  
Jonathan Phillips ◽  
Pavel Daněk ◽  
Vojtěch Beneš ◽  
Lukasz Pawlik
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Weathered Rock

scholarly journals Distribution and utilization of homestead windbreak Fukugi (Garcinia subelliptica Merr.) trees: An ethnobotanical approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bixia Chen ◽  
Hikaru Akamine
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Large Trees

Abstract Background: Garcinia subelliptica (Fukugi in Japanese) is an evergreen tropical tree, first identified in Batanes, the Philippines, which has been planted as a homestead windbreak and in coastal forests extensively on the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan. This article focuses on the traditional uses and cultural values of Fukugi trees and provides ethnobotanical information for the conservation scheme of this important tree species.Methods: A combination of ecological and ethnobotanical approaches was applied in this study. Extensive field surveys were conducted to collect dimensions of relatively large trees, and in-depth interviews with the village leaders and knowledgeable persons were conducted to collect ethnobotanical data. Results: Fukugi trees have been primarily planted as homestead or farmland windbreaks. Timber was harvested during difficult times, for example, after WWII, and used for recreational purposes for children or farmers. The fruits were also eaten on some remote islands. Old-growth Fukugi trees are widely found in sacred sites, within cities, and as symbolic trees. The older generations respect Fukugi trees; however, the cultural significance valued by older generation seems to be lacking in the younger generation. We argue that Fukugi is a cultural keystone species in Okinawa, which underpins Ryukyu culture and has transformed islands into a pleasant land, a unique place, and shared identity for the community.Conclusions: Fukugi windbreaks provide significant ecosystem services, such as biodiversity in the forest, reducing soil erosion, and spiritual and cultural values. A combination of biophysical environment, as well as tradition and custom, has played an essential role in tree species selection for windbreaks. The positive impacts that anthropogenic activities have had on the sustainability of woody species, namely, the active utilization of tree species, may have enabled the species to sustain. Strategies for protecting old-growth Fukugi trees, in addition to restoration of damaged trees, are needed to improve the sustainable management of Fukugi trees in Okinawa.

scholarly journals Forest type matters: Global review about the structure of oak dominated old-growth temperate forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 500 ◽  
pp. 119629
Author(s):  
János Bölöni ◽  
Réka Aszalós ◽  
Tamás Frank ◽  
Péter Ódor
Keyword(s):  
Temperate Forests ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Old Growth

Long-term patterns in the decay, collapse, and abundance of trees with hollows in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of Victoria, southeastern Australia

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Lindenmayer ◽  
Jeff T. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Eucalyptus Regnans ◽  
Southeastern Australia ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Over Time

Large trees with hollows are an important component of stand structural complexity worldwide. Understanding their population dynamics is needed to manage cavity-dependent biota. We quantified long-term rates of collapse of 302 measured trees with hollows in 1939-aged regrowth mountain ash ( Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell.) forest in southeastern Australia. We identified time-dependent dynamics in which the collapse rates of trees slowed from ∼4% annually between 1983 and 1993 to ∼2.2% between 1993 and 2007. Transitions of trees between different decay states (forms) also slowed over time. Nevertheless, during the 24-year period of our study, over half of our marked and measured trees had fallen, but there was no recruitment of new trees with hollows. Under current projections, few trees with hollows will occur on our field sites by ∼2050, although more had been forecast in earlier investigations. Such a paucity of trees with hollows in extensive areas of regrowth mountain ash forests will lead to a shortage of nesting and sheltering sites for cavity-dependent biota. We suggest a short–medium (10- to 100-year) focus on the conservation of old growth and multi-aged stands will be needed to maintain populations of those species strongly associated with trees with hollows in mountain ash forests.

Effects of two silvicultural regimes with large tree retention on epiphytic macrolichen communities in Adirondack northern hardwoods, New York, USA

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 1854-1866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather T. Root ◽  
Gregory G. McGee ◽  
Ralph D. Nyland
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Epiphytic Lichen ◽  
Tree Diameter ◽  
Diameter At Breast Height ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Lichen Community ◽  
Selection Systems ◽  
Large Trees

We sampled epiphytic lichen communities in nine Adirondack northern hardwood stands: three old growth, three reserve shelterwood, and three single-tree selection systems. Our objectives were to assess the effects of treatment, tree diameter at breast height, and their interaction on lichen communities and to determine whether lichen traits were associated with particular habitats. Lichen community composition was strongly related to tree diameter at breast height and differed between old growth and reserve shelterwoods. Lichen community composition was also related to an interaction between tree size and stand type. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. was associated with large trees in old growth, whereas Evernia mesomorpha Nyl., Parmelia sulcata Taylor, and Physcia millegrana Degel. characterized those in shelterwood stands. Nitrophilous lichens were most common on small trees and in reserve shelterwoods, whereas small trees in selection systems and old growth supported lichens that were found to be most associated with larger trees overall. Selection systems apparently maintained lichen communities indistinguishable from those in old growth or reserve shelterwood. Because large trees hosted unique epiphyte assemblages particularly rich in fruticose and cyanolichen species, we expect that management retaining few or no large trees will alter epiphytic lichen communities.

scholarly journals Population densities of understorey birds across a habitat gradient in Palawan, Philippines: implications for conservation

Oryx ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A.D. Mallari ◽  
N.J. Collar ◽  
D.C. Lee ◽  
P.J.K. McGowan ◽  
R. Wilkinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Habitat Gradient ◽  
Key Species ◽  
Large Trees

AbstractThere is widespread concern for many understorey and ground-dwelling bird species in the Philippines that appear intolerant of forest alteration. We present density estimates for 18 key bird species in old growth forest, advanced and early secondary growth and active cultivation within the Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan. Six species were not recorded in cultivation and the abundance of these and several others increased along the successional gradient from cultivation to old growth forest. Eleven species, including five endemics and three of four threatened species, had highest density estimates in old growth forest. However, several species had high density estimates in the heavily disturbed habitats and every habitat type held highest densities of at least one of the bird species. The commonest habitat association across the bird community was a preference for areas containing large trees, indicating the importance of retention of such trees in allowing suitable ground and understorey microhabitats to persist. Old growth forests have the highest conservation value for Palawan’s endemic birds and, while some species thrive in the anthropogenic habitats that occur within the Park, the present extent of cultivation and associated successional stages within its boundaries should not be increased. We caution against extrapolation of the abundance figures from the Park to the whole island but we suggest that population sizes for the threatened species are likely to be much greater than previously thought. We urge authorities to strengthen management within the protected area network in Palawan to ensure survival of key species.

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