scholarly journals Standardised packs and larger health warnings: visual attention and perceptions among Colombian smokers and non‐smokers

Addiction ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Sillero‐Rejon ◽  
Osama Mahmoud ◽  
Ricardo M. Tamayo ◽  
Alvaro Arturo Clavijo‐Alvarez ◽  
Sally Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Health Warnings

scholarly journals Neural mechanisms underlying visual attention to health warnings on branded and plain cigarette packs

Addiction ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 662-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia M. Maynard ◽  
Jonathan C. W. Brooks ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Ute Leonards
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Cigarette Packs

scholarly journals Avoidance of tobacco health warnings? An eye-tracking approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Sillero-Rejon ◽  
Ute Leonards ◽  
Marcus Robert Munafo ◽  
Craig Hedge ◽  
Janet Hoek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Cognitive Awareness ◽  
University Of Bristol ◽  
Cigarette Packs

Aims: Across three eye-tracking studies, we examined how the location, framing, immediacy, and severity of health warnings on branded cigarette packs affected visual attention and self-reported avoidance of and reactance to warnings. Design: Study 1: smoking status × warning immediacy (short-term vs. long-term) × warning location (top of back vs. bottom of pack). Study 2: smoking status × warning framing (gain-framed vs. loss-framed) × warning format (text-only vs. pictorial). Study 3: smoking status × warning severity (highly-severe vs. moderately-severe). Setting: University of Bristol, UK, eye-tracking laboratory. Participants Study 1: non-smokers (n=25), weekly smokers (n=25), and daily smokers (n=25). Study 2: non-smokers (n=37), smokers contemplating quitting (n=37) and smokers not contemplating quitting (n=43). Study 3: non-smokers (n=27), weekly smokers (n=26) and daily smokers (n=26). Measurements: For all studies: relative number of fixations to the warning vs. the brand, self-reported avoidance of and reactance to warnings and for Study 3: effect of warning on quitting motivation. Findings: Study 1: Greater self-reported avoidance (p<0.001) and greater visual attention (p=0.03) to long-term warnings, but no difference for reactance (p=0.12). Increased visual attention to warnings on the upper- versus lower-half of the pack (p=0.02). Study 2: Higher self-reported avoidance of (p<0.001) and reactance to (p<0.001) loss-framed warnings but little evidence of a difference for visual attention (p=0.30). Greater visual attention, avoidance and reactance to pictorial versus text-only warnings (all ps>0.001). Study 3: Greater self-reported avoidance of (p<0.001) and reactance (p=0.003) to highly-severe warnings but no clear difference in visual attention (p=0.24). Conclusions: Subjective (self-report) and objective (eye-tracking) measures of warning avoidance produced different outcomes, suggesting these capture different constructs. Visual avoidance of warnings indicates low-level disengagement with warnings, while self-reported avoidance reflects higher-level cognitive awareness and engagement with warnings. We suggest that loss-framed, long-term, highly-severe images are likely to be most effective in communicating harm.

Plain packaging increases visual attention to health warnings on cigarette packs in non-smokers and weekly smokers but not daily smokers

Addiction ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (8) ◽  
pp. 1505-1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Nicole Roberts ◽  
Linda Bauld ◽  
Ute Leonards
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
Cigarette Packs

Visual attention to health warnings on plain tobacco packaging in adolescent smokers and non-smokers

Addiction ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia M. Maynard ◽  
Marcus R. Munafò ◽  
Ute Leonards
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Health Warnings ◽  
Adolescent Smokers ◽  
Tobacco Packaging

Visual Spatial Attention in Migraine Sufferers in Postictal and Interictal Phases: An Event-Related Potential Study

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.H. de Koning ◽  
J.C. Woestenburg ◽  
M. Elton
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Migraine Attack ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Significant Enhancement ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Attention Task ◽  
Visual Spatial Attention ◽  
Visual Spatial

Migraineurs with and without aura (MWAs and MWOAs) as well as controls were measured twice with an interval of 7 days. The first session of recordings and tests for migraineurs was held about 7 hours after a migraine attack. We hypothesized that electrophysiological changes in the posterior cerebral cortex related to visual spatial attention are influenced by the level of arousal in migraineurs with aura, and that this varies over the course of time. ERPs related to the active visual attention task manifested significant differences between controls and both types of migraine sufferers for the N200, suggesting a common pathophysiological mechanism for migraineurs. Furthermore, migraineurs without aura (MWOAs) showed a significant enhancement for the N200 at the second session, indicating the relevance of time of measurement within migraine studies. Finally, migraineurs with aura (MWAs) showed significantly enhanced P240 and P300 components at central and parietal cortical sites compared to MWOAs and controls, which seemed to be maintained over both sessions and could be indicative of increased noradrenergic activity in MWAs.

Visual Attention: Fitting It All Together

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 501-503
Author(s):  
Kyle R. Cave
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention
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