A comparison of the MIR-estimated and model-calculated fresh water surface emissivities at 89, 150, and 220 GHz

2002 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1356-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.R. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Surface

scholarly journals Eco Friendly Dye Extraction From Cyanophyta for Textiles

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-74
Author(s):  
E. Ramkumar ◽  
V.S. Bala Murali ◽  
T. Guna ◽  
S.M. Dharshan ◽  
S. Ajay Vishnu
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Dye Extraction ◽  
Dry Out ◽  
Sun Light

In countries like India there is always a scarcity for fresh water along with it polluting the available fresh water sources is a major threat. The major fresh water bodies are affected by eutrophication. It is the phenomenon in which algae forms a layer above the water surface and does not allow the sun light to enter into the water body. Due to this reason organisms which is present in the water body gets affected and the ecosystem gets damaged. The algae which are taken from the water bodies is dropped as waste in garbage or let to dry out on roads. “One man’s waste is other man’s treasure” so instead of wasting the collected algae, the algae can be used to prepare a dye which can be used to dye clothes for different uses. The collected algae are used as a raw material in an algal dying machine where the processes carried out are cleaning, drying the algae, grind it, boil them with water and other essentials, filter the residue and finally filtrate will be used to print on cloth.

New upgrades of Open-Loop Tracking Command (OLTC) tables of nadir altimeters in 2020 and benefits for inland waters users

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Boitard ◽  
Sophie Le Gac ◽  
Denis Blumstein ◽  
Eric Munesa ◽  
François Boy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Open Loop ◽  
Inland Waters ◽  
Signal Acquisition ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Alos Palsar ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Tracking Mode

<p>Fresh water is an essential resource that requires a close monitoring and a constant preservation effort. The evolution of hydrological bodies water level constitutes a key indicator on the available quantity of fresh water in a given region. The limited extent of the in situ networks currently deployed has generated a growing interest in using space borne altimetry as a complementary data source to increase the coverage of emerged fresh water stocks and ensure a more global and continuous monitoring of their water surface height.</p><p>A great effort has been carried out over the past decade to improve altimeters’ capability to acquire quality measurements over inland waters. In particular, the Open-Loop Tracking Command (OLTC), which consists in calibrating the altimeter signal acquisition window with a prior information on the overflown hydrological surface height, represents a major evolution of the tracking function. This tracking mode’s efficiency is such that it is now stated as operational mode for current Sentinel-3 and Jason-3 missions as well as the recently launched Sentinel-6A mission. The improvements brought to onboard tables contents in 2017 (Jason-3), 2018 (Sentinel-3B) and 2019 (Sentinel-3A) enhanced and confirmed the OLTC performances.</p><p>In 2020, the onboard OLTC tables of the Jason-3, Sentinel-3A and Sentinel-3B missions have benefitted from further new major upgrades. The first version of the Sentinel-6A onboard OLTC tables holds the same content as Jason-3. The tracking command defined over Jason-3 and Sentinel-6A repeat cycle now accounts for more than 30,000 hydrological targets which represents five times more targets than in the previous version. For each Sentinel-3, the number of water body surface heights coded into the OLTC has been increased by a factor of 3 to 70,000. This further major step is made possible by the analysis and merging of the most recent digital elevation models (SRTM, MERIT and ALOS/PalSAR) and water bodies databases (HydroLakes, GRaND v1.3, SWBD, GSW). This methodology ensures coherency and consistent standards between all nadir altimetry missions and types of hydrological targets.</p><p>A detailed description of the 2020 upgrades will be given as well as measurements validation results obtained since their upload. An overview of the global validation of Sentinel-6A measurements over hydrological targets will also be presented.</p><p>These 2020 OLTC upgrades constitute a great asset for building a valuable and continuous record of the water surface height of worldwide lakes, rivers, reservoirs and wetlands. In addition, for a continuous improvement of the OLTC tracking mode, the users can check the content of the onboard OLTC tables over hydrological targets for both Sentinel-3 missions on the https://www.altimetry-hydro.eu/ web portal. When relevant, they can correct existing water surface heights or submit new targets.</p>

scholarly journals Temperature Gradient Daily Dynamics Area and Time Zoning for Local Analysis of Air-Water Interaction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophil S. Medellu ◽  
Alfrits Komansilan
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Local Analysis ◽  
Thermal Interaction ◽  
Water Interaction ◽  
Water Measurement

Abstract This article describes the results of the application of time zoning for air-water thermal interaction, and the temperature gradient daily dynamics area (TGDDA) parameters at six locations with different ecological conditions. The research locations consisted of two locations in lakes, two locations in coastal waters which were affected by fresh water and two locations in coastal waters which were not affected by fresh water. Measurement of air and water temperature was carried out in situ at several vertical positions with logarithmic distances to the water surface. The results of the analysis show that the analysis and modeling of the TGDDA parameters produce the time zoning of thermal interaction and TGDDA that vary between research locations. Repeated measurements on two consecutive days at the same location, resulted in almost the same TGDDA and time zoning duration of air-water thermal interaction. These results suggest that these parameters can be used to characterize air-water interactions. The results of this study serve as references to the chemical analysis of water and biota which is interactive or influenced by the dynamics of air-water thermal interactions.

Solar Flash Desalination Under Hydrostatically Sustained Vacuum

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Abutayeh ◽  
Yogi Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Vacuum Pump ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Produce Water

Creating vacuum conditions above liquids increases their evaporation rates. This phenomenon can be integrated into a practical continuous desalination process by repeatedly flashing seawater in vacuumed chambers to produce water vapor that condenses afterwards producing fresh water. Gravity can be used to balance the hydrostatic pressure inside the flash chambers with the outdoor atmospheric pressure to maintain that vacuum, while low grade solar radiation can be used to add heat to seawater before flashing. The proposed desalination system consists of a saline water tank, a concentrated brine tank, and a fresh water tank placed on ground level plus an evaporator and a condenser located several meters above ground. The evaporator-condenser assembly, or flash chamber, is initially filled with saline water that later drops by gravity creating a vacuum above the water surface in the unit without a vacuum pump. The vacuum is maintained by the internal hydrostatic pressure balanced by the atmospheric pressure. The ground tanks are open to the atmosphere, while the flash chamber is insulated and sealed to retain both heat and vacuum.

scholarly journals Air-sea gas exchange at hurricane wind speeds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin E. Krall ◽  
Bernd Jähne
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Steep Increase ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Free Water Surface ◽  
Simulated Seawater

Abstract. Gas transfer velocities were measured in two high-speed wind-wave tanks (Kyoto University and the SUSTAIN facility, RSMAS, University of Miami) using fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater for wind speeds between 7 and 80 m s−1. Using a mass balance technique, transfer velocities of a total of 12 trace gases were measured, with dimensionless solubilities ranging from 0.005 to 150 and Schmidt numbers between 149 and 1360. This choice of tracers allowed to separate gas transfer across the free interface from gas transfer at closed bubble surfaces. The major effect found was a very steep increase of the gas transfer across the free water surface at wind speeds beyond 33 m s−1, which is the same for fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater. This steep increase might start at a lower wind speed in the open ocean as compared to the short-fetch wind-wave tanks. Bubble-induced gas transfer plays no significant role for all tracers in fresh water and for tracers with moderate solubility such as carbon dioxide and DMS in seawater, while for low solubility tracers bubble-induced gas transfer in seawater was found to be about 1.7 times larger than the transfer at the free water surface at the highest wind speed of 80 m s−1.

scholarly journals Study of Water-rock Interaction with Hydrochemical and Isotopic Datum in Laizhou Bay

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liu Feng ◽  
Ma Fengshan ◽  
Guo Jie ◽  
Ding Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Rock Interaction ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Isotopic Analyses ◽  
Water Rock Interaction

Water-rock interaction of the groundwater in aquifer system has been analyzed and inferred with hydrochemical and isotopic datum in Laizhou Bay, eastern China. 32 samples of groundwater from three boreholes (96-5#, 96-6#, 112- 1#), couples of seawater, saline water, fresh water, surface water and rainfall are obtained in study area for hydrochemical and isotopic analyses. The origin of groundwater is generally concluded by stable isotope (§18O and §D) and the analytic results of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO2- , HCO3- changing with depth, combined with total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), can be apparently proofs for serious water-rock interaction. The conclusion reveals that the origin of 96-5#, 112-1# is most likely saline water different from that the groundwater of 96-6# which is possible originated from fresh water, surface water or mixing of both. Compared the ion content of same borehole at different depth and different boreholes with same depth, the optimal area for building main well and mining area is determined eventually is around 96-5#.

scholarly journals Air–sea gas exchange at wind speeds up to 85 m s<sup>−1</sup>

Ocean Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1783-1799 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerstin E. Krall ◽  
Andrew W. Smith ◽  
Naohisa Takagaki ◽  
Bernd Jähne
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Wind Wave ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Gas Transfer ◽  
Wave Age ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Free Water Surface ◽  
Simulated Seawater

Abstract. Gas transfer velocities were measured in two high-speed wind-wave tanks (Kyoto University and the SUSTAIN facility, RSMAS, University of Miami) using fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater for wind speeds between 7 and 85 m s−1. Using a mass balance technique, transfer velocities of a total of 12 trace gases were measured, with dimensionless solubilities ranging from 0.005 to 150 and Schmidt numbers between 149 and 1360. This choice of tracers enabled the separation of gas transfer across the free interface from gas transfer at closed bubble surfaces. The major effect found was a very steep increase of the gas transfer across the free water surface at wind speeds beyond 33 m s−1. The increase is the same for fresh water, simulated seawater and seawater. Bubble-induced gas transfer played no significant role for all tracers in fresh water and for tracers with moderate solubility such as carbon dioxide and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in seawater, while for low-solubility tracers bubble-induced gas transfer in seawater was found to be about 1.7 times larger than the transfer at the free water surface at the highest wind speed of 85 m s−1. There are indications that the low contributions of bubbles are due to the low wave age/fetch of the wind-wave tank experiments, but further studies on the wave age dependency of gas exchange are required to resolve this issue.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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