Nonlinear models of digital filters and their application fields

Ionic polymer metal composite is a class of electro-active polymers that are becoming more significant as smart actuators due to their large bending deflection, mechanical flexibility, low excitation voltage, low density, and ease of fabrication process. These properties make IPMCs suitable for a variety of application fields such as robotics, aerospace, biomedicine etc. There are a lot of linear and nonlinear models which describe actuation properties of IPMC. These models’ parameters may be obtained by various identification methods in which only a very few are nonlinear. Besides, there has been no model that explains all the physical phenomena associated with this actuator. In this paper, a new identification method is presented which incorporates a nonlinear with linear least squares method. This method is implemented on a nonlinear model. This model in comprised of two steps; as a first step, nonlinear relationship between the absorbed current and the voltage applied and as a second step relationship between the absorbed current and the blocked force are determined. The first and second steps are identified using a nonlinear and linear least squares methods, respectively.

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The First Experience with new Small-Sized Commercial Tem (TEM -100) and Biological Specimens

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100181828 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 611-611

Author(s):

Jovan Vukovié

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Liquid Nitrogen ◽

Boiling Temperature ◽

Resolution Power ◽

Application Fields ◽

Working Liquid

Conventional electron microscope TEM -100 (Made by “ELECTRON”, Sumy, USSR; Fig. 1) was presented at the XI Int. Congress on Electron Microscopy (Kyoto) by I.S. Lyalko et al. (1,2). The purpose of the microscope constructors were to design a small-sized general conventional TEM for various application fields. The microscope have mini lenses, which winding is placed in closed casing and soaked in working liquid (low boiling temperature) but upper part of the casing being water cooled.In this communication we gave our first experience and impression as a customer, beginning from the montage, the instruction and the testing of the microscope to our application in the field of biological specimens. Just after montage of the microscope on the second floor, the test of the point resolution power was performed by Ir specimen. It was achieved 0.5 nm (Fig. 2 and 3) on the roll film (ORWO 22 DIN) with 300 OOOx magnification and anticontamination device. The ultimate vacuum (about 10exp-6 mm Hg, ion discharge pump) also achieved using large trap cooled by liquid nitrogen.

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