epEBench: True Energy Benchmark

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Holmbacka ◽  
Robert Muller
Keyword(s):  
True Energy

scholarly journals Gamma-Ray Spectral Unfolding of CdZnTe-Based Detectors Using a Genetic Algorithm

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 7316
Author(s):  
Nicola Sarzi Amadè ◽  
Manuele Bettelli ◽  
Nicola Zambelli ◽  
Silvia Zanettini ◽  
Giacomo Benassi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Spectral Shape ◽  
Semiconductor Detectors ◽  
Arduous Task ◽  
Γ Ray ◽  
Spectral Unfolding ◽  
Single Pixel ◽  
True Energy

The analysis of γ-ray spectra can be an arduous task, especially in the case of room temperature semiconductor detectors, where several distortions and instrumental artifacts conceal the true spectral shape. We developed a genetic algorithm to perform the unfolding of γ-spectra in order to restore the true energy distribution of the incoming radiation. We successfully validated our approach on experimental spectra of four radionuclides (241Am, 57Co, 137Cs and 133Ba) acquired with two CdZnTe-based detectors with different contact geometries (single pixel and drift strip). The unfolded spectra consist of δ-like peaks in correspondence with the radiation emissions of each radioisotope.

Energy Needs of Athletes

2001 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
pp. S202-S219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise M. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
And Performance ◽  
True Energy

Each athlete has unique energy requirements, which underpin their ability to meet total nutritional goals. For everyday dietary planning and evaluation, energy requirements can be predicted via estimations of RMR and activity levels. Research methods such as indirect calorimetry and DLW allow energy requirements to be measured, and may be useful to confirm situations in which an athlete has a true energy balance anomaly. There is some evidence that individual athletes may have reduced energy requirements, although this occurs less frequently than is reported. Most self-reports of food intake substantially under-estimate energy intake, due to under-reporting or under-eating during the period of record keeping. Many athletes are over-focused on reducing body mass and body fat below levels that are consistent with long-term health and performance. Restrained eating can cause significant detrimental outcomes to body function. Leptin may be involved in modulating or mediating some of these changes. Athletes should use their energy budget to choose foods that provide macronutrient and micronutrient needs for optimal health and performance. Practical advice may help athletes to achieve energy intake challenges.

scholarly journals A theory of electro-kinetic effects in solution; reactions between ions and polar molecules

1936 ◽  
Vol 157 (892) ◽  
pp. 667-679 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Velocity ◽  
Energy Of Activation ◽  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Bimolecular Reactions ◽  
Sufficient Energy ◽  
Absolute Probability ◽  
Kinetic Effects ◽  
Arrhenius Energy ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
True Energy

The experimental values of the velocity coefficient k for bimolecular reactions may be summarized in an equation of the form k = Z . P . e -E A /RT (1) where P and E A are empirical constants, specific for each reacting system, and Z is the kinetic theory value for the frequency of binary collisions, namely, Z = N 0 /1000 r 1,2 2 n 1 n 2 { 8π k T (1/m 1 + 1/m 2 )}. (2) The physical significance of the term P may be realized by considering the hypothetical case where the Arrhenius energy of activation E A is identical with the true energy of activation E'. Since the theoretical expression for the maximum velocity of the bimolecular process is k = Z . e -E'/RT , (3) it is seen that P measures the absolute probability that a binary collision of sufficient energy leads to chemical reaction. In general, however, E A and E' are not identical, and the interpretation of the term P is not so simple.

scholarly journals The kinetics of mutarotation in solution

1940 ◽  
Vol 176 (966) ◽  
pp. 352-367 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Arrhenius Equation ◽  
Energy Of Activation ◽  
A Value ◽  
Temperature Ranges ◽  
Velocity Coefficient ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
True Energy

The kinetics of the mutarotation of representative reducing sugars from the pentose, hexose and disaccharide series have been investigated polarimetrically over wide temperature ranges in aqueous solution. The dependence of the velocity coefficient, k , upon temperature is fairly well reproduced by an equation of the form ln k = C + ( J/R ) ln T - E/RT . The true energy of activation, E , is found to be some 6000 calories greater than the apparent value afforded by the Arrhenius equation at room temperature. J/R has a value of — 10, which is identified as the number of oscillators contributing to the activation. The constants C, J and E of this equation are discussed, with reference to many reactions, in terms of a theory of unimolecular reactions in solution.

Methods for true energy-performance optimization

2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Markovic ◽  
V. Stojanovic ◽  
B. Nikolic ◽  
M.A. Horowitz ◽  
R.W. Brodersen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Optimization ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
True Energy

scholarly journals Comparing hypothetical structures generated in the third Cambridge blind test of crystal structure prediction

2005 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 528-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bouke P. van Eijck
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Force Field ◽  
Structure Prediction ◽  
Crystal Structure Prediction ◽  
Blind Test ◽  
Good Correspondence ◽  
The Third ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
True Energy

In the third Cambridge blind test of crystal structure prediction, participants submitted extended lists of up to 100 hypothetical structures. In this paper these lists are analyzed for the two small semi-rigid molecules, hydantoin and azetidine, by performing a new energy minimization using an accurate force field, and grouping these newly minimized structures into clusters of equivalent structures. Many participants found the same low-energy structures, but no list appeared to be complete even for the structures with one independent molecule in the asymmetric unit. This may well be due to the fact that a cutoff at even 100 structures cannot ensure the presence of a structure that has a relatively high ranking in another force field. Moreover, some structures should have possibly been discarded because they correspond to transition states rather than true energy minima. The r.m.s. deviation between energies in corresponding clusters was calculated to compare the reported relative crystal energies for each pair of participants. Some groups of force fields show a reasonably good correspondence, yet the order of magnitude of their discrepancies is comparable to the energy differences between, say, the first ten structures of lowest energy. Therefore, even if we assume that energy is a sufficient criterion, it is not surprising that crystal structure predictions are still inconsistent and unreliable.

scholarly journals HERMES – a GUI-based software tool for pre-processing of X-ray absorption spectroscopy data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers

2022 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco E. Seddon-Ferretti ◽  
Lucy M. Mottram ◽  
Martin C. Stennett ◽  
Claire L. Corkhill ◽  
Neil C. Hyatt
Keyword(s):  
Community Of Practice ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Dead Time ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Handling ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
True Energy

HERMES, a graphical user interface software tool, is presented, for pre-processing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data from laboratory Rowland circle spectrometers, to meet the data handling needs of a growing community of practice. HERMES enables laboratory XAS data to be displayed for quality assessment, merging of data sets, polynomial fitting of smoothly varying data, and correction of data to the true energy scale and for dead-time and leakage effects. The software is written in Java 15 programming language, and runs on major computer operating systems, with graphics implementation using the JFreeChart toolkit. HERMES is freely available and distributed under an open source licence.

A note on the criterion of maximum overlapping of wave functions

1937 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Coulson
Keyword(s):  
Wave Functions ◽  
True Energy

The criterion of maximum overlapping, as developed by Pauling and Slater, is shown to be true only under certain conditions, depending on the relative positions of three term values, and the relation of the true energy to these three subsidiary ones is discussed in some detail.

Use of Approximate Wave Functions for Extrapolation to True Energy Values

Nature ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 183 (4655) ◽  
pp. 175-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. G. DICKENS ◽  
J. W. LINNETT ◽  
D. SCHOFIELD
Keyword(s):  
Wave Functions ◽  
Approximate Wave ◽  
True Energy
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