U.S. semiconductor industry getting it together: Despite their history of intense competition, U.S. manufacturers are cooperating in research to gain an edge in the international marketplace

IEEE Spectrum ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Wallich
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
History Of

A History of the World Semiconductor Industry

IEE Review ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (10) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
D.A. Gorham
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Chemical-Mechanical Planarization of Aluminum-Based Alloys for Multilevel Metallization

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 61-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Fury ◽  
D.L. Scherber ◽  
M.A. Stell
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Chemical Mechanical Planarization ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Copper Metallization ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Technical Community ◽  
Yield Learning ◽  
History Of ◽  
Process Strategy

As recently as 1993, the prevailing presumption among the semiconductor technical community was that then-current development efforts associated with aluminum lines and tungsten damascene vias needed to shift rapidly to copper multilevel interconnect schemes. This is exemplified by the June 1993 issue of the MRS Bulletin, which featured copper metallization as its theme. In the intervening years, however, that same technical community revised the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) roadmap and placed renewed emphasis on the use of an all-aluminum interconnect scheme. This was done largely in deference to the costs associated with converting existing semiconductor lines to copper-compatible facilities. In addition to tooling costs, there is a learning curve for copper systems that remains to be established for device reliability, field failures, yield learning, and process maturation. On the other hand, existing fabs are already compatible with aluminum metallurgies, and there is a rich history of reliability and yield data.This change in direction creates two immediate needs: (1) the need to fill small-diameter vertical interconnects (vias) with void-free aluminum and (2) the need to remove the top surface aluminum resulting from its blanket deposition (overburden) following the metal fill. In addition, for high circuit-density applications, it may be desirable, if not necessary, to form the metal lines using the same damascene fill method as is used for the vias. This process strategy replaces metal etching and insulator gap fill with insulator (usually silicon oxide) etching and metal gap fill.

scholarly journals The 100 Years History of Crystallography in Japan

2014 ◽  
Vol 70 (a1) ◽  
pp. C1299-C1299
Author(s):  
Akihiko Fujiwara ◽  
Yoko Sugawara ◽  
Atsushi Nakagawa ◽  
Masaki Takata
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
X Ray ◽  
History Of ◽  
Snow Crystals ◽  
Natural Snow ◽  
Ray Patterns

A century ago, crystallogtaphy ushered in the era of modern science & technology in Japan. The beginning of modern crystallography in Japan dates back to 1913. Torahiko Terada (Tokyo Imperial University) demonstrated X-ray diffraction[1] and Shoji Nishikawa (Tokyo Imperial University) reported on X-ray patterns of fibrous, lamellar and granular substances[2]. In 1936, Ukichiro Nakaya (Hokkaido University) successfully classified natural snow crystals and made the first artificial snow crystals. In the last half-century, developments in crystallography helped form thriving manufacturing sectors such as the semiconductor industry, the iron and steel industries, the pharmaceutical industry, the electronics industry, the textile industry, and the polymer industry, as well as a wide array of academic research.

The history of the standard for the calculation of cost of ownership in the semiconductor industry

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-82
Author(s):  
Maximilian Sandholzer ◽  
Marc Wouters
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Semiconductor Industry ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Technical Standards ◽  
Cost Of Ownership ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost

The semiconductor industry is one of very few industries to have a standard for management accounting, and this concerns a method for calculating the cost of ownership (COO). This research investigates the history of the development of the COO standard, starting from the late 1980s and stretching to the mid-1990s, and explores the circumstances under which this development occurred. We find that the development and revision activities for COO built on complementary conditions, such as industry organizations, networks of professionals, and standard-setting procedures, which had been established for cooperation in research and development and for the development of technical standards. We suggest that these factors may explain the absence of standards in management accounting in many other settings.

scholarly journals Towards the Coptic Church: The Making of the Severan Episcopate

Millennium ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-190
Author(s):  
Phil Booth
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Eastern Christianity ◽  
Ancient Egyptian ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Coptic Church ◽  
First Time

Abstract This article concerns a seminal moment in the history of eastern Christianity: the creation of the Severan episcopate in Egypt (from A.D. 575), and with it the radical bifurcation, for the first time, of the ancient Egyptian church. Updating the classic account of Jean Maspero in the light of more recent publications, it first examines the rapid decline of the Severan episcopate in the period after the Alexandrian patriarch Theodosius’ exile (536), and the intense competition to replace him in the period between his death (566) and the consecration of Peter (575). Exploiting a wide range of evidence related to a new episcopate then created under Peter and his successor Damian, this article then examines the presence of certain Severan bishops in rural monasteries, and the origins of an unprecedented office, the patriarchal vicarate, in the context of the competition created through the creation of a raft of rival sees. Understanding these processes, it is argued, is crucial to appreciating the explosion of evidence which accompanies the patriarchate of Damian.

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