Cognizance on Intellectual Property: A High-Level Perspective [Hardware Matters]

With help from both domestic and international markets, ASEAN countries are able to catch-up withthe latest economic development if they can sustain high economic growth for a long-period of time. To doso, the resources available in countries such as capital and labors should fully be utilized up to theoptimum level. The capital itself can be in many forms such as investment. Since most of the ASEANcountries are categorized as developing countries, the reliance on foreign direct investment (FDI) as asource of growth is highly needed as it helps the economy to step on a higher stage of economic developmentvia the roles of foreign experts and technological transfer. In ensuring a higher level of investment, there isa need to ensure a high level of intellectual property protection since it assists in promoting invention,innovation and new business development. In opposite, lacking in protection might discourage foreigninvestors to invest in the countries, thus limiting the ability of the countries to grow further. Therefore, theaim of this paper is to examine whether strong intellectual property protection will really help in attractingmore foreign investors to invest in ASEAN-5 countries. Using annual data from 2007 to 2016, panel dataestimation using random effect is employed. It was found that the ASEAN-5 countries should strengthentheir intellectual property protection in order to stimulate higher foreign investments. Nevertheless, inbetween copyright and patents, copyrights protection gives significant effect to the FDI inflows relative tothe latter one. It indicates that the countries are slowly moving out from the production-based economy andcatching-up towards a digital economy. Keywords: ASEAN-5, foreign direct investment, intellectual property protection, digital economy, copyrights

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Determination of kinetic coefficients for treating synthetic oily wastewater in suspended growth batch fed reactor

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2021.377 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

P. Sanghamitra ◽

Debabrata Mazumder ◽

Somnath Mukherjee

Keyword(s):

Real Life ◽

Oily Wastewater ◽

Efficient Design ◽

Oil And Grease ◽

Property A ◽

Kinetic Coefficients ◽

Suspended Growth ◽

Suspended Biomass ◽

High Level

Abstract Discharge of oily wastewater imparts serious threat to the environment because of high level concentration of COD, BOD as well as oil and grease and it is difficult to treat such wastewater due to its inherent toxic and inhibitory property. A treatability study of oily wastewater (carrying petroleum) has been performed in the present work using a batch suspended growth reactor. The experiment was conducted using acclimatized suspended biomass in laboratory environment and the kinetic coefficients were determined which are immensely important for design of such reactor. The oil removal efficiency was observed to be in the range of 62.84–85.45% corresponding to average MLSS concentration range of 1,797–3,668 mg/L. Haldane kinetic model was found to be the best fitted for the biodegradation of oily wastewater with acclimatised microorganisms in the present investigation. The kinetic co-efficients including Ks, Y, kd, k and ki were calculated from the experimental data and the values were compared with published results cited by various scientists. The derived kinetic coefficients values are to be useful for understanding the dynamics of substrate utilisation with production of biomass and efficient design of biological systems and also for pilot plant investigation with real life wastewater of similar nature.

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