High-Resolution Topographic Imaging of Environmentally Responsive, Elastin-Mimetic Hydrogels

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (26) ◽  
pp. 9067-9070 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Andrew McMillan ◽  
Kevin L. Caran ◽  
Robert P. Apkarian ◽  
Vincent P. Conticello
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Environmentally Responsive ◽  
Topographic Imaging

scholarly journals Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) Benefits for the Copernicus Level 4 Sea-Surface Salinity Processing Chain

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 1818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Ciani ◽  
Rosalia Santoleri ◽  
Gian Luigi Liberti ◽  
Catherine Prigent ◽  
Craig Donlon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Microwave Radiometer ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Sea Surface Salinity ◽  
Optimal Interpolation ◽  
Surface Salinity ◽  
Processing Chain

We present a study on the potential of the Copernicus Imaging Microwave Radiometer (CIMR) mission for the global monitoring of Sea-Surface Salinity (SSS) using Level-4 (gap-free) analysis processing. Space-based SSS are currently provided by the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellites. However, there are no planned missions to guarantee continuity in the remote SSS measurements for the near future. The CIMR mission is in a preparatory phase with an expected launch in 2026. CIMR is focused on the provision of global coverage, high resolution sea-surface temperature (SST), SSS and sea-ice concentration observations. In this paper, we evaluate the mission impact within the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) SSS processing chain. The CMEMS SSS operational products are based on a combination of in situ and satellite (SMOS) SSS and high-resolution SST information through a multivariate optimal interpolation. We demonstrate the potential of CIMR within the CMEMS SSS operational production after the SMOS era. For this purpose, we implemented an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE) based on the CMEMS MERCATOR global operational model. The MERCATOR SSSs were used to generate synthetic in situ and CIMR SSS and, at the same time, they provided a reference gap-free SSS field. Using the optimal interpolation algorithm, we demonstrated that the combined use of in situ and CIMR observations improves the global SSS retrieval compared to a processing where only in situ observations are ingested. The improvements are observed in the 60% and 70% of the global ocean surface for the reconstruction of the SSS and of the SSS spatial gradients, respectively. Moreover, the study highlights the CIMR-based salinity patterns are more accurate both in the open ocean and in coastal areas. We conclude that CIMR can guarantee continuity for accurate monitoring of the ocean surface salinity from space.

Hopping Probe Ion Conductance Microscopy and its Combined Patch-Clamping：A Powerful Tool for Structural and Functional Studies in Neural Nanobiology

2011 ◽  
Vol 694 ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Xin Liang Zhao ◽  
Xiao Liu ◽  
Hu Jie Lu ◽  
Li Ying Ma ◽  
Rui Ling Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Patch Clamp ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Membrane Structures ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Ion Conductance ◽  
Resolution Imaging ◽  
Living Neurons ◽  
Topographic Imaging ◽  
The Relationship

Continuous high-resolution observations of cell membrane would greatly aid the elucidation of the relationship between structure and function and facilitate the study of physiological processing in cell biology. However, high-resolution studying living neuron membrane structures and its functions is still a challenge in current nanobiology. The new developed Hoping Probe Ion Conductance Microscopy (HPICM) is designed for non-contact continuous high-resolution topographic imaging of living cells under physiological conditions. In this review, we concisely introduced the basic operation principle of HPICM and its applications in high spatial resolution imaging of two living neuron cell models, N-type SK-N-SH cells and NGF-differentiated sympathetic neuron-like PC12 cells. Combining HPICM with patch-clamp technique, we further investigated the functional ion-channel of under-differentiated neuron-like PC12 cells and demonstrated that NGF treatment promoted the outgrowth of neurites and increased the activity of TTX-sensitive sodium channel. All these results demonstrate that HPICM combined with patch-clamp technique offers high-resolution topographic imaging of living neurons with non-contact — making HPICM an ideal high-resolution imaging technique not to interact/interfere with living neurons during image acquisition, and provides detailed information about the relationship between membrane structures and ion-channel functions of living neurons at the same time, which has the potential to become a powerful microscopy for in-depth researching in neural nanobiology.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Satellite Surface Latent Heat Fluxes in North Atlantic Hurricanes

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (9) ◽  
pp. 2735-2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiping Liu ◽  
Judith A. Curry ◽  
Carol Anne Clayson ◽  
Mark A. Bourassa
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Surface Flux ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Ocean Waves ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Atlantic Hurricanes ◽  
Better Than

This study presents a new high-resolution satellite-derived ocean surface flux product, XSeaFlux, which is evaluated for its potential use in hurricane studies. The XSeaFlux employs new satellite datasets using improved retrieval methods, and uses a new bulk flux algorithm formulated for high wind conditions. The XSeaFlux latent heat flux (LHF) performs much better than the existing numerical weather prediction reanalysis and satellite-derived flux products in a comparison with measurements from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air–Sea Transfer (CBLAST) field experiment. Also, the XSeaFlux shows well-organized LHF structure and large LHF values in response to hurricane conditions relative to the other flux products. The XSeaFlux dataset is used to interpret details of the ocean surface LHF for selected North Atlantic hurricanes. Analysis of the XSeaFlux dataset suggests that ocean waves, sea spray, and cold wake have substantial impacts on LHF associated with the hurricanes.

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