Characterizing the Impact of Routing Holes on Geographic Routing

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Fayed ◽  
H.T. Mouftah
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Routing ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals MANETs performance analysis with dos attack at different routing protocols

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alaa Zain ◽  
Heba El-khobby ◽  
Hatem M. Abd Elkader ◽  
Mostafa Abdelnaby
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Denial Of Service ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Security Threat ◽  
Dos Attacks ◽  
Reactive Routing ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) is widely used in many industrial and people's life applications, such as earth monitoring, natural disaster prevention, agriculture biomedical related applications, and many other areas. Security threat is one of the major aspects of MANET, as it is one of the basic requirements of wireless sensor network, yet this problem has not been sufficiently explored. The main purpose of this paper is to study different MANETs routing protocols with three scenarios of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on network layer using proactive routing protocol i.e. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Reactive routing protocols like Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Hybrid routing protocols like Geographic Routing Protocol (GRP). Moreover, a comparative analysis of DoS attacks for throughput, Data loss, delay and network load is taken into account. The performance of MANET under the attack is studied to find out which protocol is more vulnerable to the attack and how much is the impact of the attack on both protocols. The simulation is done using OPNET 17.

A Green Geographic Routing in Wireless Sensor Network

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1540003
Author(s):  
XIAO-OU SONG ◽  
ZONG-QIANG LI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Geographic Routing ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Position Information ◽  
The Impact

The routing information is hard to maintain and the energy is limited in highly dynamic wireless sensor network. To solve these problems, energy-saving geographic routing (ESGR) is proposed, which does not maintain the network topology and can save energy. A node broadcast its position information to its neighboring nodes before transmitting data. The neighboring nodes compute the position of the virtual relay node using the data transmitter position, the base station position and the energy consumption for circuits and propagation. The neighboring nodes determine whether to become the relay node through competition based on its position, the destination position and the virtual relay node position. The neighboring nodes compute the delay time distributedly according to the competition strategy. The neighboring node with the shortest delay time can respond to the data sender first and become the sole relay node. The handshake mechanism efficiently prevents the collision among the neighboring nodes during competition, which is of high communication efficiency. When a routing hole is found, the relay region is changed and an approaching destination relay strategy is adopted, which reduces the impact of routing holes. The simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is better than BLR, because of the lower energy consumption and lower packet loss ratio. The ESGR algorithm is more appropriate for highly dynamic wireless network.

Formation of Lunar Craters and Bright Rays as a Result of Meteorite Impacts

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 415-418
Author(s):  
K. P. Stanyukovich ◽  
V. A. Bronshten
Keyword(s):  
Explosive Charge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Meteorite Impacts ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
The Impact

The phenomena accompanying the impact of large meteorites on the surface of the Moon or of the Earth can be examined on the basis of the theory of explosive phenomena if we assume that, instead of an exploding meteorite moving inside the rock, we have an explosive charge (equivalent in energy), situated at a certain distance under the surface.

The Geosciences Applied to Lunar Exploration

1962 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 169-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Green
Keyword(s):  
Lunar Surface ◽  
Probable Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Lunar Exploration ◽  
Geological Model ◽  
Apply Geophysics ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
The Impact

The term geo-sciences has been used here to include the disciplines geology, geophysics and geochemistry. However, in order to apply geophysics and geochemistry effectively one must begin with a geological model. Therefore, the science of geology should be used as the basis for lunar exploration. From an astronomical point of view, a lunar terrain heavily impacted with meteors appears the more reasonable; although from a geological standpoint, volcanism seems the more probable mechanism. A surface liberally marked with volcanic features has been advocated by such geologists as Bülow, Dana, Suess, von Wolff, Shaler, Spurr, and Kuno. In this paper, both the impact and volcanic hypotheses are considered in the application of the geo-sciences to manned lunar exploration. However, more emphasis is placed on the volcanic, or more correctly the defluidization, hypothesis to account for lunar surface features.

Asteroid and Comet Impact Speeds upon Mars: Significance for Panspermia and the Supply of Organics

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 197-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Steel
Keyword(s):  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Significant Fraction ◽  
Organic Chemicals ◽  
Impact Speed ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhilst lithopanspermia depends upon massive impacts occurring at a speed above some limit, the intact delivery of organic chemicals or other volatiles to a planet requires the impact speed to be below some other limit such that a significant fraction of that material escapes destruction. Thus the two opposite ends of the impact speed distributions are the regions of interest in the bioastronomical context, whereas much modelling work on impacts delivers, or makes use of, only the mean speed. Here the probability distributions of impact speeds upon Mars are calculated for (i) the orbital distribution of known asteroids; and (ii) the expected distribution of near-parabolic cometary orbits. It is found that cometary impacts are far more likely to eject rocks from Mars (over 99 percent of the cometary impacts are at speeds above 20 km/sec, but at most 5 percent of the asteroidal impacts); paradoxically, the objects impacting at speeds low enough to make organic/volatile survival possible (the asteroids) are those which are depleted in such species.

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