scholarly journals On the definition of critical areas for IC photolithographic spot defects

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Pineda de Gyvez ◽  
J.A.G. Jess
Keyword(s):  
Critical Areas ◽  
Definition Of

scholarly journals Comment on “The extent of forest in dryland biomes”

Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 358 (6364) ◽  
pp. eaao0369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelino de la Cruz ◽  
Pedro F. Quintana-Ascencio ◽  
Luis Cayuela ◽  
Carlos I. Espinosa ◽  
Adrián Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Design ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Dry Forests ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Forest Distribution ◽  
Definition Of

The study by Bastin et al. (Reports, 12 May 2017, p. 635) is based on an incomplete delimitation of dry forest distribution and on an old and incorrect definition of drylands. Its sampling design includes many plots located in humid ecosystems and ignores critical areas for the conservation of dry forests. Therefore, its results and conclusions may be unreliable.

scholarly journals Haemorrhage in pregnancy: information given to women in Chiradzulu (Malawi)

Curationis ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Kapyepye ◽  
H Klopper ◽  
C Bodkin
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Postpartum Haemorrhage ◽  
Birth Attendants ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Nature Of Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
In Pregnancy

Advising women on , haemorrhage in pregnancy could, be viewed, as an integral aspect of maternal health care in M alawi. The WHO (1999) confirmed, that haemorrhage in pregnancy was not only a direct reason for maternal mortality but also a major cause of maternal death. The question on the nature of information that midwives and traditional birth attendants (referred to as TBA’s) in the Chiradzulu district in Malawi gave with regard to haemorrhage in pregnancy, therefore arose. Research available focused on the women’s knowledge about the complications of pregnancy but not on the nature of information women received from midwives and TBA’s. This study explored and described the nature of information that was given to rural women in the Chiradzulu district by the midwives and TBA’s regarding haemorrhage in pregnancy. The findings revealed that although both the midwives and TBA’s included important information about haemorrhage in pregnancy, there were deficiencies in some critical areas. Examples of these deficiencies were the definition of haemorrhage in pregnancy; the predisposing factors for antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage and deficiencies in the nature of information on the management and referral of haemorrhaging patients. The findings provided insights into the nature of the information that was provided to the women regarding haemorrhage in pregnancy in the Chiradzulu district in Malawi. Thereafter guidelines were developed for the provision of this information. Finally a follow-up study was recommended after implementation of these guidelines in the district to evaluate the change in the nature of the information communicated to patients regarding haemorrhage by midwives and TBA’s. In this study, haemorrhage during pregnancy referred to the perinatal phase, including antepartum, intrapartum and postpartum haemorrhage.

Shark Nursery Grounds of the Gulf of Mexico and the East Coast Waters of the United States

2007 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nursery Area ◽  
Area Selection ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Nursery Habitats ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Physical Features

<em>Abstract.</em>—Nursery areas are widely considered to be essential habitats for sharks. While there have been many efforts to determine the locations of nurseries in coastal waters and studies of movements within these nurseries, few studies have attempted to identify the factors that influence nursery area selection and habitat use within nurseries. Such data are critical for identifying essential habitats within nurseries and determining the factors that might set the carrying capacity of these areas. Behavioral and ecological theory provides important insights into nursery area use and the definition of essential habitats. For example, simply measuring the density of animals in various habitats can lead to (1) incorrect identification of critical areas because animal density and habitat quality (or importance) do not always coincide, and (2) incorrect assumptions about the factors limiting population sizes. Food abundance and predation risk are likely important determinants of nursery area selection, habitat use within nurseries, and carrying capacity of nurseries. Currently, we know little about how these factors and the physical features of the environment (e.g., water temperature, habitat structure) influence juvenile sharks. Here, I review our current understanding of shark nurseries in a theoretical context to identify areas where future studies are required and generate testable hypotheses regarding the use of nursery habitats.

scholarly journals A Higher Education Quality Assurance Model for Small States: The Maldives Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hannan Waheed ◽  
Hitendra Pillay
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Education Quality ◽  
Small States ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Tier System ◽  
Higher Education Quality ◽  
Guidelines And Standards ◽  
Definition Of

This paper presents findings of a case study in the Maldives of a holistic quality assurance model for higher education in Small States. Although case study is situated in the Maldives, an example of a Small State, the findings provided useful reference for policy makers, practitioners and professionals in other Small States. The study draws on a systems theory to investigate the systemic characteristics of quality assurance in higher education. It is a qualitative case study based and includes the use of document analysis and interviews data. The preliminary findings indicate that regulatory mechanisms, independence, one-tier system, guidelines and standards, transparency, academic audit, accreditation and collaboration emerged as critical areas for the system of quality assurance in higher education for Small States. Some of the mechanisms used by bigger nations to address the above critical areas may not be appropriate for Small States, adding weight to the ‘fit for purpose’ definition of quality.   Keywords - Higher education accreditation, Higher education quality indicators, Standards of higher education, higher education quality regulations, Programme accreditation, institutional accreditation, institutional audit.

Multilevel Risk-Based Inspection Scheme for FPSOs

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (02) ◽  
pp. 118-124
Author(s):  
A.K. Lee ◽  
C. Serratella ◽  
G. Wang ◽  
R. Basu ◽  
R. Spong
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Design Analysis ◽  
Inspection Planning ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Management Regime ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Standard Design ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Inspection Schedule

As the floating, production, storage, and off-loading (FPSO) fleet matures, the challenge of how to more rationally and efficiently manage the life-cycle integrity of an FPSO attracts more attention. Risk-and reliability-based approaches are regarded as very powerful tools to help optimize an integrity program and offer flexibility in helping better manage the integrity management regime. This paper presents a multilevel risk-based inspection (RBI) methodology ranging from simplified deterministic approaches using standard design analysis up to sophisticated probabilistic approaches. Each approach has various levels of usefulness ranging from the definition of critical areas for a single inspection campaign up to the generation of an optimized inspection schedule and work scope covering the entire life cycle of a particular unit. These RBI methodologies have been successfully applied in inspection planning for several FPSO installations. A wide range of engineering analyses were involved, depending on the needs of individual projects and client requests, inspection objectives, condition of the asset, availability of design analysis information, and so forth.

scholarly journals Biomarkers and personalised medicine in rheumatoid arthritis: a proposal for interactions between academia, industry and regulatory bodies

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 1713-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Miossec ◽  
C L Verweij ◽  
L Klareskog ◽  
C Pitzalis ◽  
A Barton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Personalised Medicine ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Number Of Treatment ◽  
High Degree

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most appropriate conditions for the application of personalised medicine as a high degree of heterogeneity has been recognised, which remains to be explained. Such heterogeneity is also reflected in the large number of treatment targets and options. A growing number of biologics as well as small molecules are already in use and there are promising new drugs in development. In order to make the best use of treatment options, both targeted and non-targeted biomarkers have to be identified and validated. To this aim, new rules are needed for the interaction between academia and industry under regulatory control. Setting up multi-centre biosample collections with clear definition of access, organising early, possibly non-committing discussions with regulatory authorities, and defining a clear route for the validation, qualification and registration of the biomarker–drug combination are some of the more critical areas where effective collaboration between the drug industry, academia and regulators is needed.

Introductory paper

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 3-5
Author(s):  
W. W. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Line Intensity ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Spectral Classification ◽  
Dimensional Array ◽  
Rr Lyrae ◽  
Metallic Line ◽  
Introductory Paper ◽  
Parameter Varying ◽  
Definition Of

1. The definition of “normal” stars in spectral classification changes with time; at the time of the publication of theYerkes Spectral Atlasthe term “normal” was applied to stars whose spectra could be fitted smoothly into a two-dimensional array. Thus, at that time, weak-lined spectra (RR Lyrae and HD 140283) would have been considered peculiar. At the present time we would tend to classify such spectra as “normal”—in a more complicated classification scheme which would have a parameter varying with metallic-line intensity within a specific spectral subdivision.

2.2. Working Group 2: Conceptual Definitions of Reference Coordinate Systems for Earth Dynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 21-26
Keyword(s):  
Coordinate System ◽  
Working Group ◽  
General Character ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Reference Coordinate System ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Earth Dynamics

An ideal definition of a reference coordinate system should meet the following general requirements:1. It should be as conceptually simple as possible, so its philosophy is well understood by the users.2. It should imply as few physical assumptions as possible. Wherever they are necessary, such assumptions should be of a very general character and, in particular, they should not be dependent upon astronomical and geophysical detailed theories.3. It should suggest a materialization that is dynamically stable and is accessible to observations with the required accuracy.

Symbiotic Stars at Optical, Infrared and Radio Wavelengths

1979 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 125-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Type Star ◽  
Stellar Systems ◽  
Symbiotic Stars ◽  
Lower Excitation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Original Type

No paper of this nature should begin without a definition of symbiotic stars. It was Paul Merrill who, borrowing on his botanical background, coined the termsymbioticto describe apparently single stellar systems which combine the TiO absorption of M giants (temperature regime ≲ 3500 K) with He II emission (temperature regime ≳ 100,000 K). He and Milton Humason had in 1932 first drawn attention to three such stars: AX Per, CI Cyg and RW Hya. At the conclusion of the Mount Wilson Ha emission survey nearly a dozen had been identified, and Z And had become their type star. The numbers slowly grew, as much because the definition widened to include lower-excitation specimens as because new examples of the original type were found. In 1970 Wackerling listed 30; this was the last compendium of symbiotic stars published.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

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