An economic damage model for large-scale Internet attacks

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Dubendorfer ◽  
A. Wagner ◽  
B. Plattner
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Economic Damage

Study on Deformation and Damage of Rock Mass Subject to High In Situ Stress by Using a Elastoplastic Damage Model and Considering the Impact of Weak Planes

2013 ◽  
Vol 838-841 ◽  
pp. 705-709
Author(s):  
Yun Hao Yang ◽  
Ren Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Rock Mass ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Back Analysis ◽  
In Situ Stress ◽  
Surrounding Rock ◽  
High In Situ Stress ◽  
Underground Caverns ◽  
The Impact

Large scale underground caverns are under construction in high in-situ stress field at Houziyan hydropower station. To investigate deformation and damage of surrounding rock mass, a elastoplastic orthotropic damage model capable of describing induced orthotropic damage and post-peak behavior of hard rock is used, together with a effective approach accounting for the presence of weak planes. Then a displacement based back analysis was conducted by using the measured deformation data from extensometers. The computed displacements are in good agreement with the measured ones at most of measurement points, which confirm the validities of constitutive model and numerical simulation model. The result of simulation shows that damage of surrounding rock mass is mainly dominated by the high in-situ stress rather than the weak planes and heavy damage occur at the cavern shoulders and side walls.

scholarly journals Gradient Nonlocal Enhanced Microprestress-Solidification Theory and Its Finite Element Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teng Tong ◽  
Changqing Du ◽  
Xiaofan Liu ◽  
Siqi Yuan ◽  
Zhao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Deformation Gradient ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Reinforced Concrete Beams ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Finite Element Software ◽  
Order Deformation ◽  
Implicit Solver

Time-dependent responses of cracked concrete structures are complex, due to the intertwined effects between creep, shrinkage, and cracking. There still lacks an effective numerical model to accurately predict their nonlinear long-term deflections. To this end, a computational framework is constructed, of which the aforementioned intertwined effects are properly treated. The model inherits merits of gradient-enhanced damage (GED) model and microprestress-solidification (MPS) theory. By incorporating higher order deformation gradient, the proposed GED-MPS model circumvents damage localization and mesh-sensitive problems encountered in classical continuum damage theory. Moreover, the model reflects creep and shrinkage of concrete with respect to underlying moisture transport and heat transfer. Residing on the Kelvin chain model, rate-type creep formulation works fully compatible with the gradient nonlocal damage model. 1-D illustration of the model reveals that the model could regularize mesh-sensitivity of nonlinear concrete creep affected by cracking. Furthermore, the model depicts long-term deflections and cracking evolutions of simply-supported reinforced concrete beams in an agreed manner. It is noteworthy that the gradient nonlocal enhanced microprestress-solidification theory is implemented in the general finite element software Abaqus/Standard with the implicit solver, which renders the model suitable for large-scale creep-sensitive structures.

scholarly journals FORECASTING OF DAMAGES FROM NATURAL HAZARDS FOR THE “NORTHERN CAUCASUS RESORTS” TOURIST CLUSTER

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-356
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav BABURIN ◽  
◽  
Svetlana BADINA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Northern Caucasus ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
The North ◽  
Study Results

The article proposes a methodological approach to potential damage from natural hazards forecasting in case of large-scale investment projects realization in ski tourism planning, as well as to assessing changes in the vulnerability of the territory in which these projects will be implemented. The method was verified on the data of the “Northern Caucasus Resorts” tourist cluster. The study purpose is the creation and verification of a methodology for socio-economic damage predicting in limit values and vulnerability changing in the regions of the “North Caucasus Resorts” tourist cluster objects localization for the long term. Research methods – statistical (a structural approach based on the identification of common structural patterns of several sets). The lack of statistical information on significant parameters for forecasting determine necessitates of using the various logically non-contradictory revaluations based on the identified structural similarities for the calculation of their values within the planning horizon. The study results and main conclusions – in case of the “North Caucasus Resorts” tourist cluster creation the number of people potentially located in avalanche and mudflow danger areas will significantly increase in all of its facilities localization municipalities, which indicate an increase in the individual risk of death level for this territory. The present population in the ski season in some of the most remote and underdeveloped areas can increase up to 30 times. The increment in the value of the fixed assets for the municipalities under consideration will be from two to 90 times, potential damages in limit values will reach tens of billions rubles.

scholarly journals Large-scale application of the flood damage model RAilway Infrastructure Loss (RAIL)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2357-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patric Kellermann ◽  
Christine Schönberger ◽  
Annegret H. Thieken
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Experience has shown that river floods can significantly hamper the reliability of railway networks and cause extensive structural damage and disruption. As a result, the national railway operator in Austria had to cope with financial losses of more than EUR 100 million due to flooding in recent years. Comprehensive information on potential flood risk hot spots as well as on expected flood damage in Austria is therefore needed for strategic flood risk management. In view of this, the flood damage model RAIL (RAilway Infrastructure Loss) was applied to estimate (1) the expected structural flood damage and (2) the resulting repair costs of railway infrastructure due to a 30-, 100- and 300-year flood in the Austrian Mur River catchment. The results were then used to calculate the expected annual damage of the railway subnetwork and subsequently analysed in terms of their sensitivity to key model assumptions. Additionally, the impact of risk aversion on the estimates was investigated, and the overall results were briefly discussed against the background of climate change and possibly resulting changes in flood risk. The findings indicate that the RAIL model is capable of supporting decision-making in risk management by providing comprehensive risk information on the catchment level. It is furthermore demonstrated that an increased risk aversion of the railway operator has a marked influence on flood damage estimates for the study area and, hence, should be considered with regard to the development of risk management strategies.

scholarly journals Economic Damage Model on Industries due to Internet Attack and A Case Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 15C (3) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
Jong-Ho Jang ◽  
Ki-Hyun Chung ◽  
Kyung-Hee Choi
Keyword(s):  
Damage Model ◽  
Economic Damage

scholarly journals Ice shelf fracture parameterization in an ice sheet model

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 2543-2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sainan Sun ◽  
Stephen L. Cornford ◽  
John C. Moore ◽  
Rupert Gladstone ◽  
Liyun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Enhancement Factor ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Damage Model ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Ice Shelf ◽  
Ice Flow ◽  
Ice Shelves ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Eventual Loss ◽  
Spatially Varying

Abstract. Floating ice shelves exert a stabilizing force onto the inland ice sheet. However, this buttressing effect is diminished by the fracture process, which on large scales effectively softens the ice, accelerating its flow, increasing calving, and potentially leading to ice shelf breakup. We add a continuum damage model (CDM) to the BISICLES ice sheet model, which is intended to model the localized opening of crevasses under stress, the transport of those crevasses through the ice sheet, and the coupling between crevasse depth and the ice flow field and to carry out idealized numerical experiments examining the broad impact on large-scale ice sheet and shelf dynamics. In each case we see a complex pattern of damage evolve over time, with an eventual loss of buttressing approximately equivalent to halving the thickness of the ice shelf. We find that it is possible to achieve a similar ice flow pattern using a simple rule of thumb: introducing an enhancement factor ∼ 10 everywhere in the model domain. However, spatially varying damage (or equivalently, enhancement factor) fields set at the start of prognostic calculations to match velocity observations, as is widely done in ice sheet simulations, ought to evolve in time, or grounding line retreat can be slowed by an order of magnitude.

scholarly journals A Chemosensory GPCR as a Potential Target to Control the Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyne incognita Parasitism in Plants

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (20) ◽  
pp. 3798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Bresso ◽  
Diana Fernandez ◽  
Deisy X. Amora ◽  
Philippe Noel ◽  
Anne-Sophie Petitot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meloidogyne Incognita ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
3D Model ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dynamics Simulations ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Root-knot nematodes (RKN), from the Meloidogyne genus, have a worldwide distribution and cause severe economic damage to many life-sustaining crops. Because of their lack of specificity and danger to the environment, most chemical nematicides have been banned from use. Thus, there is a great need for new and safe compounds to control RKN. Such research involves identifying beforehand the nematode proteins essential to the invasion. Since G protein-coupled receptors GPCRs are the target of a large number of drugs, we have focused our research on the identification of putative nematode GPCRs such as those capable of controlling the movement of the parasite towards (or within) its host. A datamining procedure applied to the genome of Meloidogyne incognita allowed us to identify a GPCR, belonging to the neuropeptide GPCR family that can serve as a target to carry out a virtual screening campaign. We reconstructed a 3D model of this receptor by homology modeling and validated it through extensive molecular dynamics simulations. This model was used for large scale molecular dockings which produced a filtered limited set of putative antagonists for this GPCR. Preliminary experiments using these selected molecules allowed the identification of an active compound, namely C260-2124, from the ChemDiv provider, which can serve as a starting point for further investigations.

Mechanism of FMD Outbreaks and its Control in Asian Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Sakamoto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Fmdv Infection ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Virus Excretion

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks by serotype O are dominant in Asia. Topotypes fall mostly into two groups – Southeast Asia (SEA) and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA). FMD viruses of the SEA topotype (Mya-98 lineage) recently spread widely in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Economic damage by FMD outbreaks in Japan and Korea were very severe in 2010-2011. FMD outbreaks by serotype A are sporadically observed in the region. Serotype Asia 1 newly appeared in Pakistan from 2010 and Bahrain and Iran in 2011. Neighboring countries should take note that there is no matching vaccine available for Asia 1 at this moment. Preparing good matching vaccines is very important for controlling the disease in the Asian region. There are several good matching vaccines for the recent FMD outbreaks by type O (SEA topotype) and type A (Asia topotype). In some cases, however, such as recent outbreaks due to Asia 1 and SEA topotypes, no such matching vaccines are currently available. Officials in countries the region should therefore be aware that a good matching vaccine is not always available and without a good vaccine candidate, early detection and eradication of the disease are critical points in such cases as FMD. In addition, control tools that are different from FMD vaccine are required to prevent pandemic outbreaks and economic catastrophes. Since it takes 7 to 10 days for pigs to produce enough antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV) infection through vaccination, infected pigs continue to excrete a large amount of FMDV in the early stage of infection after emergency vaccination. It is often observed that FMD outbreaks in pigs become large-scale outbreaks and sometimes inflict serious economic damage. It is therefore desired to develop new prompt tools to inhibit FMDV infection or virus excretion from pigs. Antiviral agent exhibit much more prompt and faster effectiveness than vaccine in inhibiting virus excretion from infected animals. In order to inhibit FMDV excretion from infected pigs, which are called amplifiers in FMD, an antiviral agent, T-1105, an pyrazine carboxamide derivative, was developed as a novel tool expected to show prompt efficacy in controlling FMD in pigs.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Suppression and Early Closure of Bars and Restaurants : A Longitudinal Natural Experiment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reo Takaku ◽  
Izumi Yokoyama ◽  
Takahiro Tabuchi ◽  
Takeo Fujiwara
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Early Closure ◽  
Nationally Representative

Despite severe economic damage, full-service restaurants and bars have been closed in hopes of suppressing the spread of SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. This study explores whether the early closure of restaurants and bars in February 2021 reduced symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 in Japan. Using a large-scale nationally representative longitudinal survey, we found that the early closure of restaurants and bars decreased the utilization rate among young persons (OR 0.688; CI95 0.515?0.918) and those who visited these places before the pandemic (OR 0.754; CI95 0.594?0.957). However, symptoms such of SARS-CoV-2 did not decrease in these active and high-risk subpopulations. Among the more inactive and low-risk subpopulations, such as elderly persons, no discernible impacts are observed in both the utilization of restaurants and bars and the symptoms of SARS-CoV-2. These results suggest that the early closure of restaurants and bars without any other concurrent measures does not contribute to the suppression of SARS-CoV-2.

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