Mechanism of FMD Outbreaks and its Control in Asian Region

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenichi Sakamoto ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Antiviral Agent ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Fmdv Infection ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Virus Excretion

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreaks by serotype O are dominant in Asia. Topotypes fall mostly into two groups – Southeast Asia (SEA) and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA). FMD viruses of the SEA topotype (Mya-98 lineage) recently spread widely in Southeast Asia and East Asia. Economic damage by FMD outbreaks in Japan and Korea were very severe in 2010-2011. FMD outbreaks by serotype A are sporadically observed in the region. Serotype Asia 1 newly appeared in Pakistan from 2010 and Bahrain and Iran in 2011. Neighboring countries should take note that there is no matching vaccine available for Asia 1 at this moment. Preparing good matching vaccines is very important for controlling the disease in the Asian region. There are several good matching vaccines for the recent FMD outbreaks by type O (SEA topotype) and type A (Asia topotype). In some cases, however, such as recent outbreaks due to Asia 1 and SEA topotypes, no such matching vaccines are currently available. Officials in countries the region should therefore be aware that a good matching vaccine is not always available and without a good vaccine candidate, early detection and eradication of the disease are critical points in such cases as FMD. In addition, control tools that are different from FMD vaccine are required to prevent pandemic outbreaks and economic catastrophes. Since it takes 7 to 10 days for pigs to produce enough antibodies against FMD virus (FMDV) infection through vaccination, infected pigs continue to excrete a large amount of FMDV in the early stage of infection after emergency vaccination. It is often observed that FMD outbreaks in pigs become large-scale outbreaks and sometimes inflict serious economic damage. It is therefore desired to develop new prompt tools to inhibit FMDV infection or virus excretion from pigs. Antiviral agent exhibit much more prompt and faster effectiveness than vaccine in inhibiting virus excretion from infected animals. In order to inhibit FMDV excretion from infected pigs, which are called amplifiers in FMD, an antiviral agent, T-1105, an pyrazine carboxamide derivative, was developed as a novel tool expected to show prompt efficacy in controlling FMD in pigs.

scholarly journals Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007–2012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East

Vaccine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (51) ◽  
pp. 7147-7153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
Sasmita Upadhyaya ◽  
Sharie Aviso ◽  
Aravindh Babu ◽  
Geoff Hutchings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Far East ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Selection Of

scholarly journals Serological, hematological, Biochemical and Oxidative Markers During Foot and Mouth Disease Serotype ‘O’ Infection, Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Nasr A.M. NASR EL-DEEN ◽  
Ahmed N. F. NEAMAT-ALLAH ◽  
Lila Georgy RIZK ◽  
Rania Samy Gergis FAREED
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Total Proteins ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Oxidative Markers ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth ◽  
Normochromic Anemia

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely grave communicable disease of livestock. It affects all wild and domestic animals with cloven hoof. It is caused by Aphtho virus (Apthous fever) or (FMDV) foot and mouth disease virus which is originated from family Picornaviridae. 30 adult female water buffaloes, 3-5 years old infected with FMD serotypes, O. These animals were located at Sharkia governorate, Egypt during the period beetwen December 2014 to March 2015. Hematological findings showed no significant change in erythrogram and reduction in total leukocytes in the early stage of FMDV infection. Moreover development of macrocytic normochromic anemia and increase in total leukocytes and lymphocytic counts was reported in the late stage of infection. A significant decrease in cholesterol , progesterone , total proteins, albumin , globulins, calcium and sodium levels in infected groups, while a significant increase in serum activities of ALT ,AST, glucose, total, direct ,indirect bilirubine, phosphorous potassium, NO. MDA, CK-MB, LDH and CTNI. Without alterations in creatinine level.

scholarly journals Genome Sequence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus of Serotype O Lineage Ind-2001d Isolated from Cattle in Mongolia in 2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Nishi ◽  
Gerelmaa Ulziibat ◽  
Buyantogtokh Khanui ◽  
Odonchimeg Myagmarsuren ◽  
Kazuki Morioka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
Genome Sequence ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth

ABSTRACT We report the whole-genome sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) O/MOG/BU/2-7/2015 isolated in Mongolia in 2015. This virus is closely related to isolates identified in Southeast Asia in 2015 and is classified under the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001d lineage. This is the first detection of an FMDV of this lineage in Mongolia.

scholarly journals Molecular Basis of Antigenic Drift in Serotype O Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses (2013–2018) from Southeast Asia

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1886
Author(s):  
Sasmita Upadhyaya ◽  
Mana Mahapatra ◽  
Valerie Mioulet ◽  
Satya Parida
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Antigenic Sites ◽  
Capsid Sequence ◽  
Foot And Mouth

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals with serious economic consequences. FMD is endemic in Southeast Asia (SEA) and East Asia (EA) with the circulation of multiple serotypes, posing a threat to Australia and other FMD-free countries. Although vaccination is one of the most important control measures to prevent FMD outbreaks, the available vaccines may not be able to provide enough cross-protection against the FMD viruses (FMDVs) circulating in these countries due to the incursion of new lineages and sub-lineages as experienced in South Korea during 2010, a FMD-free country, when a new lineage of serotype O FMDV (Mya-98) spread to the country, resulting in devastating economic consequences. In this study, a total of 62 serotype O (2013–2018) viruses selected from SEA and EA countries were antigenically characterized by virus neutralization tests using three existing (O/HKN/6/83, O/IND/R2/75 and O/PanAsia-2) and one putative (O/MYA/2009) vaccine strains and full capsid sequencing. The Capsid sequence analysis revealed three topotypes, Cathay, SEA and Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) of FMDVs circulating in the region. The vaccines used in this study showed a good match with the SEA and ME-SA viruses. However, none of the recently circulating Cathay topotype viruses were protected by any of the vaccine strains, including the existing Cathay topotype vaccine (O/HKN/6/83), indicating an antigenic drift and, also the urgency to monitor this topotype in the region and develop a new vaccine strain if necessary, although currently the presence of this topotype is mainly restricted to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam. Further, the capsid sequences of these viruses were analyzed that identified several capsid amino acid substitutions involving neutralizing antigenic sites 1, 2 and 5, which either individually or together could underpin the observed antigenic drift.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus infection stimulates innate immune signaling in the mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhi ◽  
Jianliang Lv ◽  
Yanquan Wei ◽  
Ping Du ◽  
Yanyan Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Mouse Macrophage ◽  
Fmdv Infection ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Fmdv Serotype ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus

The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against invasion by bacterial and viral pathogens. The role of macrophages in innate immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is poorly understood. To determine the mechanism underlying activation of innate immunity after FMDV infection in macrophages, we performed FMDV infection in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and found that FMDV serotype O infection induced a cytopathic effect. We then evaluated the gene expression profile in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells after FMDV infection using systematic microarray analysis. Gene ontology annotation and enrichment analysis revealed that FMDV promoted expression in a group of genes that are enriched in innate immune response and inflammatory response processes. Further research demonstrated that FMDV serotype O infection enhanced NF-κB, Toll-like, and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways and proteins expression and increased transcription and expression of a series of cytokines and interferons, as proved by qRT-PCR, Western blot, ELISA, and dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our study concluded that FMDV infection triggers the innate immune response in macrophages after activation of multiple innate immune pathway receptors and proteins by FMDV serotype O, resulting in activation and secretion of a series of cytokines and interferons.

Who Will Survive and Revive Undergoing the Epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Zhenyu Han ◽  
Haohan Fu ◽  
Fengli Xu ◽  
Zhen Tu ◽  
Yang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Recovery ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Tourist Attractions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Public Reaction ◽  
The City

A rapid-spreading epidemic of COVID-19 hit China at the end of 2019, resulting in unignorable social and economic damage in the epicenter, Wuhan. POIs capture the microscopic behavior of citizens, providing valuable information to understand city reactions toward the epidemic. Leveraging large-scale check-in records, we analyze the POI visit trends over the epidemic period and normal times. We demonstrate that COVID-19 greatly influences the society, where most POIs demonstrate more than 60% of visit drops during the city lockdown period. Among them, Tourist Attractions received greatest impact with a 78.8% drop. Entertainment, Food, Medical and Shopping are sensible to the disease before lockdown, and we identify these "early birds" to investigate the public reaction in the early stage of the epidemic. We further analyze the revival trends, generating four different revival patterns that correlated with the necessity of POI functions. Finally, we analyze the perseverance during the COVID-19, finding no large-scale closures compared with the tremendous visit drop. The strong resilience in Wuhan supports the rapid recovery of society. These findings are important for researchers, industries, and governments to understand the city respondence under severe epidemic, proposing better regulations to respond, control, and prevent public emergencies.

Determinants that Impact the Investment Decision of Angel Investors on Startups

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Thanh Dat ◽  
Nguyen Thi Kim Anh
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Capacity Building ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Management Knowledge ◽  
Building Management ◽  
Angel Investment ◽  
Angel Investors

Angel investment is important for startups when they are in between the seed-stage and the early-stage because they need funds to grow rapidly. Angel investors, in addition to providing capital, normally function as strategic partners who provide capacity building, management knowledge and mentorship for startups. Angel investors accordingly benefit startups in many different ways, including the provision of funds. Vietnam is ranked third in Southeast Asia in terms of the number of active startups, most of which are in an early stage and therefore in need of funds from angel investors. The paper examines the concept of angel investment and the determinants that impact angel investors’ decisions. The paper then recommends implications so as to help build a mechanism to develop domestic angel investment activities and attract foreign angel investment into Vietnam.

Konkurrenz zwischen Stieleiche und Buche auf Lothar-Sturmflächen | Competition between pedunculate oak and European beech on Lothar windthrow areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Otto ◽  
Sven Wagner ◽  
Peter Brang
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Pedunculate Oak ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Competition Index

The competitive pressure of naturally regenerated European beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings on planted pedunculate oak (Quercus robur) was investigated on two 1.8 ha permanent plots near Habsburg and Murten (Switzerland). The plots were established with the aim to test methods of artificial oak regeneration after large-scale windthrow. On both plots, 80 oaks exposed to varying levels of competitive pressure from at most 10 neighbouring beech trees were selected. The height of each oak as well as stem and branch diameters were measured. The competitive pressure was assessed using Schütz's competition index, which is based on relative tree height, crown overlap and distance from competing neighbours. Oak trees growing without or with only slight competition from beech were equally tall, while oaks exposed to moderate to strong competition were smaller. A threshold value for the competition index was found above which oak height decreased strongly. The stem and branch diameters of the oaks started to decrease even if the competition from beech was slight, and decreased much further with more competition. The oak stems started to become more slender even with only slight competition from beech. On the moderately acid beech sites studied here, beech grow taller faster than oak. Thus where beech is competing with oak and the aim is to maintain the oak, competitive pressure on the oak must be reduced at an early stage. The degree of the intervention should, however, take the individual competitive interaction into account, with more intervention if the competition is strong.

Antiviral potential of ivermectin against foot-and-mouth disease virus, serotype O, A and Asia-1

2021 ◽  
pp. 104914
Author(s):  
Zahra Naeem ◽  
Sohail Raza ◽  
Saba Afzal ◽  
Ali Ahmad Sheikh ◽  
Muhammad Muddassir Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Virus ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Mouth Disease ◽  
Serotype O ◽  
Mouth Disease Virus ◽  
Virus Serotype ◽  
Foot And Mouth
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document