A practical method for compliance testing of base stations for mobile communications with exposure limits

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Olivier ◽  
L. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Exposure Limits ◽  
Compliance Testing

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LEVELS OF BASE STATIONS,INSTALLED ON THE ROOFS OF BUILDINGS AND THE TERRITORY OF LAND PLOTS IN TASHKENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
G. A. Tashpulatova ◽  
◽  
A. N. Krasavin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cellular Communications ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Energy Flux Density

This article is about instrumental measurements of the FR EMR energy flux density. The measurement results were analyzed with the division of the data obtained by the purpose of buildings and the height of the antenna equipment placement, a hygienic assessment of the RF EMR levels created by the equipment of base stations of cellular communications, installed on the roofs of residential and public buildings and adjacent territories of Tashkent is given. A proposal is made on the rational placement of radio engineering facilities.Keywords:electromagnetic field; electromagnetic safety; base station for mobile communications; protection of public health; sanitary supervision

scholarly journals Dual Threshold Adaptive Dynamic Migration Strategy of Virtual Resources Based on BBU Pool

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Yushi Cao ◽  
Zhili Zhang ◽  
Weidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Adaptive Dynamic

The rapid development of mobile communications and the continuous growth of service needs lead to an increase in the number of base stations (BSs). Through virtualization and cloud technology, virtual Baseband Units (BBUs) are deployed on a virtual machine (VM) to build a BBU pool to achieve hardware resource sharing, which not only saves BS construction costs but also facilitates management and control. However, too high or too low server resource utilization in the pool not only affects the performance of the virtual BBU but also increases the maintenance cost of the physical equipment. In this paper, BBUs are virtualized to construct a virtual BBU pool based on the OpenStack cloud architecture and a dual threshold adaptive dynamic migration strategy is proposed in this scenario. Establish upper and lower threshold of resource utilization of the servers in the pool and the strategy determines whether the dynamic migration is triggered according to the resource utilization of each compute node. If the migration is triggered, the strategy selects the virtual resource to be moved out and the target node to realize the dynamic migration to achieve the purpose of balancing the server load and saving energy consumption. The migration strategy proposed in this paper is simulated on Cloudsim and the experimental results show that the strategy can effectively reduce the number of migrations and migration time on the basis of reducing energy consumption and SLA violations. This paper successfully deployed the strategy on the OpenStack platform, which implements dynamic migration autonomously to save the overall energy consumption of the BBU pool, instead of manual operations.

SVM-based Models for Mobile Users' Initial Position Determination

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 950-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majda Petric ◽  
Aleksandar Neskovic ◽  
Natasa Neskovic ◽  
Milos Borenovic
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Location Based Services ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Mobile Users ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Position Determination ◽  
Median Error

A large interest in developing commercial Location-Based Services (LBS) and the necessity of implementing emergency call services, have led to the intensive development of techniques for mobile users' localisation. In this paper, a Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN) -based technique for initial position determination is proposed as an alternative to satellite-based methods in environments with obstructed satellite signals. Two positioning models, based on handset available Received Signal Strength (RSS) measurements from Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) base stations and the use of Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms, are proposed. Performances of proposed models are verified using field measurements, collected in a suburban environment. Models are analysed in terms of positioning accuracy, complexity and latency, and compared to some other promising PLMN-based techniques. Using proposed SVM-based positioning models a median error of 4·3 m–6·2 m and latency of less than a second can be achieved.

APPLYING INTELLIGENT SOFTWARE AGENTS IN A DISTRIBUTED CHANNEL ALLOCATION SCHEME FOR CELLULAR NETWORKS

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (08) ◽  
pp. 1021-1039
Author(s):  
ELIANE L. BODANESE ◽  
LAURIE G. CUTHBERT
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Channel Allocation ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Agent Negotiation ◽  
Intelligent Software ◽  
Intelligent Software Agents ◽  
Distributed Channel Allocation ◽  
Limited Spectrum

As the demand for mobile services has increased, the need for an efficient allocation of channels is essential to ensure good performance, given the limited spectrum available. Techniques for increasing flexibility in radio resource acquisition are needed to handle the heterogeneity of services and bit rates to be supported in the forthcoming generations of mobile communications. To improve the performance and efficiency of the channel allocation, we propose the use of a particular agent architecture that allows base stations to be more flexible and intelligent, including planning to attempt to balance the load in advance of reactive requests. The simulation results prove that the use of intelligent agents controlling the allocation of channels is feasible and the agent negotiation is an important feature of the system in order to improve perceived quality of service and to improve the load balancing of the traffic.

scholarly journals Calculation of electromagnetic field from mobile phone induced in the pituitary gland of children head model

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 854-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Stankovic ◽  
Dejan Jovanovic ◽  
Dejan Krstic ◽  
Vera Markovic ◽  
Momir Dunjic
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Penetration Depth ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Electric Field Distribution ◽  
Head Model ◽  
Exposure Limits

Background/Aim. A mobile phone is a source of electromagnetic radiation located close to the head and consequently its intense use may cause harmful effects particularly in younger population. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of electromagnetic field of the mobile phone on the pituitary gland of the child. Methods. In order to obtain the more accurate results for this research 3D realistic model of child's head whose size corresponds to an average child (7 years old) was created. Electric field distribution in child head model and values of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) at the region of pituitary gland were determined. This study was performed for the frequencies of 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 2100 MHz, as the most commonly used in mobile communications. The special attention was dedicated to the values of the electric field and the values of the SAR in the pituitary gland. For all frequencies over 10 g and 1 g of tissue average SAR was calculated. The electric field distribution and values of average SAR for 10 g and 1 g trough the model of child's head were obtained by the using numerical calculation based on the Finite Integration Technique (FIT). Results. The largest value of electric field in the region of the pituitary gland was at the frequency of 900 MHz, as a consequence of the highest penetration depth. Lower values of the electric field in the region of the pituitary gland were at frequencies of 1,800 MHz and 2,100 MHz. The SAR in the pituitary gland decreased as the frequency increased as a direct consequence of lower penetration depth. Conclusion. The electric field strength from a mobile phone is higher than the value specified by standards for the maximum allowable exposure limits. The high values of the electric field are not only in the vicinity of a mobile phone but also in tissues and organs of the human head. Particular attention should be paid to the exposure of children to radiation of mobile phones. Smaller dimensions of children?s head and smaller thickness of tissues and organs have as a consequence greater penetration of electromagnetic waves.

scholarly journals Problems of constructing broadband radio access systems of mobile radio communication

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Василий Типаков ◽  
Vasily Sergeevich Tipakov ◽  
Тимур Яковлев ◽  
Timur Aleksandrovich Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Mobile Radio ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Radio Communication ◽  
Radio Access ◽  
Broadband Radio ◽  
Internal Network

The article is focused on the problem of degrading the signals of broadband 3G / 4G mobile radio access systems in places of subscribers clustering and in so-called “dead zones”. The analysis of the actual principles of building mobile networks has been carried out, the main disadvantages of the approaches to the development of cellular networks have been identified. The current trend of building macro cells in the urban environment has lost its effectiveness due to the increasing frequencies used; it has to be replaced by a fundamentally new way of planning mobile networks. A new principle of providing access to mobile communications “from inside to outside” is proposed, which takes into account the needs of a large number of subscribers in the premises. It is based on setting the maximum number of internal base stations fully meeting the needs of internal network users. Such a distinction will positively affect all subscribers and improve the experience from using the high-quality services of the mobile operators, which will result in increasing the economic performance

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