Optical feeding of base stations in millimeter-wave mobile communications

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.P. Braun ◽  
G. Grosskopf
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Stations

A Single Band Antenna Design for Future Millimeter Wave Wireless Communication at 38 GHz

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cihat Şeker ◽  
Turgut Ozturk ◽  
Muhammet Tahir Güneşer
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Return Loss ◽  
Computer Software ◽  
Dielectric Substrate ◽  
Single Band ◽  
Microstrip Patch ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Wireless Application ◽  
5G Mobile Communications

In this proposed paper, a single band microstrip patch antenna for fifth generation (5G) wireless application was presented. 28, 38, 60 and 73 GHz frequency bands have been allocated for 5G mobile communications by International Telecommunications Union (ITU). In this paper, we proposed an antenna, which is suitable for the millimeter wave frequency. The single band antenna consists of new slot loaded on the radiating patch with the 50 ohms microstrip line feeding used. This single band antenna was simulated on a FR4 dielectric substrate have relative permittivity 4.4, loss tangent 0.02, and height 1.6 mm. The antenna was simulated by Electromagnetic simulation, computer software technology High Frequency Structural Simulator. And simulated result on return loss, VSWR, radiation pattern and 3D gain was presented. The parameters of the results well coherent and proved the literature for millimeter wave 5G wireless application at 38 GHz.

HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION LEVELS OF BASE STATIONS,INSTALLED ON THE ROOFS OF BUILDINGS AND THE TERRITORY OF LAND PLOTS IN TASHKENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
G. A. Tashpulatova ◽  
◽  
A. N. Krasavin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cellular Communications ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Energy Flux Density

This article is about instrumental measurements of the FR EMR energy flux density. The measurement results were analyzed with the division of the data obtained by the purpose of buildings and the height of the antenna equipment placement, a hygienic assessment of the RF EMR levels created by the equipment of base stations of cellular communications, installed on the roofs of residential and public buildings and adjacent territories of Tashkent is given. A proposal is made on the rational placement of radio engineering facilities.Keywords:electromagnetic field; electromagnetic safety; base station for mobile communications; protection of public health; sanitary supervision

scholarly journals A Monte Carlo Analysis of Actual Maximum Exposure From a 5G Millimeter-Wave Base Station Antenna for EMF Compliance Assessments

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Xu ◽  
David Anguiano Sanjurjo ◽  
Davide Colombi ◽  
Christer Törnevik
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Far Field ◽  
Wave Radio ◽  
Maximum Exposure

International radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure assessment standards and regulatory bodies have developed methods and specified requirements to assess the actual maximum RF EMF exposure from radio base stations enabling massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and beamforming. Such techniques are based on the applications of power reduction factors (PRFs), which lead to more realistic, albeit conservative, exposure assessments. In this study, the actual maximum EMF exposure and the corresponding PRFs are computed for a millimeter-wave radio base station array antenna. The computed incident power densities based on near-field and far-field approaches are derived using a Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the actual maximum exposure is well below the theoretical maximum, and the PRFs similar to those applicable for massive MIMO radio base stations operating below 6 GHz are also applicable for millimeter-wave frequencies. Despite the very low power levels that currently characterize millimeter-wave radio base stations, using the far-field approach can also guarantee the conservativeness of the PRFs used to assess the actual maximum exposure close to the antenna.

scholarly journals Deep learning–based fifth-generation millimeter-wave communication channel tracking for unmanned aerial vehicle Internet of things networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 155014771986588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Meng ◽  
Xin Dai ◽  
Bicheng Xiao ◽  
Yimin Zhou ◽  
Yumei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Attitude Estimation ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Communication Link ◽  
Multiple Sensors ◽  
Channel Tracking ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

Using unmanned aerial vehicle as movable base stations is a promising approach to enhance network coverage. Moreover, movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations can dynamically move to the target devices to expand the communication range as relays in the scenario of the Internet of things. In this article, we consider a communication system with movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations in millimeter-Wave. The movable unmanned aerial vehicle–base stations are equipped with antennas and multiple sensors for channel tracking. The cylindrical array antenna is mounted on the movable unmanned aerial vehicle–movable base stations, making the beam omnidirectional. Furthermore, the attitude estimation method using the deep neural network can replace the traditional attitude estimation method. The estimated unmanned aerial vehicle attitude information is combined with beamforming technology to realize a reliable communication link. Simulation experiments have been performed, and the results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Millimeter-Wave UAV Swarm Networks under Blockage Effects

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (16) ◽  
pp. 4593
Author(s):  
Haejoon Jung ◽  
In-Ho Lee
Keyword(s):  
Millimeter Wave ◽  
Channel Model ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Shape Theory ◽  
High Data ◽  
Mobile Cellular ◽  
Seamless Connectivity ◽  
Mobile Cellular Networks ◽  
Uav Swarm

Due to their high mobility, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can offer better connectivity by complement or replace with the existing terrestrial base stations (BSs) in the mobile cellular networks. In particular, introducing UAV and millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies can better support the future wireless networks with requirements of high data rate, low latency, and seamless connectivity. However, it is widely known that mmWave signals are susceptible to blockages because of their poor diffraction. In this context, we consider macro-diversity achieved by the multiple UAV BSs, which are randomly distributed in a spherical swarm. Using the widely used channel model incorporated with the distance-based random blockage effects, which is proposed based on stochastic geometry and random shape theory, we investigate the outage performance of the mmWave UAV swarm network. Further, based on our analysis, we show how to minimize the outage rate by adjusting various system parameters such as the size of the UAV swarm relative to the distance to the receiver.

scholarly journals Dual Threshold Adaptive Dynamic Migration Strategy of Virtual Resources Based on BBU Pool

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Wang ◽  
Yushi Cao ◽  
Zhili Zhang ◽  
Weidong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Resource Sharing ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Maintenance Cost ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Adaptive Dynamic

The rapid development of mobile communications and the continuous growth of service needs lead to an increase in the number of base stations (BSs). Through virtualization and cloud technology, virtual Baseband Units (BBUs) are deployed on a virtual machine (VM) to build a BBU pool to achieve hardware resource sharing, which not only saves BS construction costs but also facilitates management and control. However, too high or too low server resource utilization in the pool not only affects the performance of the virtual BBU but also increases the maintenance cost of the physical equipment. In this paper, BBUs are virtualized to construct a virtual BBU pool based on the OpenStack cloud architecture and a dual threshold adaptive dynamic migration strategy is proposed in this scenario. Establish upper and lower threshold of resource utilization of the servers in the pool and the strategy determines whether the dynamic migration is triggered according to the resource utilization of each compute node. If the migration is triggered, the strategy selects the virtual resource to be moved out and the target node to realize the dynamic migration to achieve the purpose of balancing the server load and saving energy consumption. The migration strategy proposed in this paper is simulated on Cloudsim and the experimental results show that the strategy can effectively reduce the number of migrations and migration time on the basis of reducing energy consumption and SLA violations. This paper successfully deployed the strategy on the OpenStack platform, which implements dynamic migration autonomously to save the overall energy consumption of the BBU pool, instead of manual operations.

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