Peru, Uruguay high-tech research policies fall short

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Income Group ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

Subject Efforts to promote science, technology and innovation. Significance Peru and Uruguay have recently sought to reverse decades of neglect in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy through reforms and increases in public funding. However, STI capacity and research and development (R&D) output in these countries compare poorly against averages for their upper-middle-income group. Impacts Recent strong primary sector-led growth in Peru and Uruguay may not be sustained. Both countries need to increase productivity and diversify their economies to maintain long-term competitiveness. Increasing expenditure on R&D will be crucial to this end.

scholarly journals High technology export and high technology export impact on growth

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
Yurdagül Meral
Keyword(s):  
Research And Development ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
High Technology ◽  
High Tech ◽  
High Tech Industry ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Development Expenditure ◽  
The Government ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

The term high-tech, covering the high-tech industry and the information-intensive service sector, is based on advanced scientific and technological expertise that requires science, technology, and innovation (STI), and is based on Research & Development expenditure. Sectoral, product and patent approaches are used for classification by OECD and European Union. Literature review on high-tech show that countries focusing on Research and Development Expenditures and new patents have succeeded in increasing their high-tech exports as well. Turkey is one of the countries where the levels of high-tech export is not at the desired levels yet therefore the government must give incentives for Research and Development expenditures and new patents for innovation, as high-tech export affects GDP growth positively.

Is global carbon inequality getting better or worse? A decomposition analysis of carbon inequality in intraincome and interincome groups

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongrong Li ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Rui Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Driving Factors ◽  
Theil Index ◽  
High Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Global Carbon

PurposeThis study is aimed at better understanding the evolution of inequality in carbon emission in intraincome and interincome groups in the world, and then to uncover the driving factors that affect inequality in carbon emission.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is developed by combining the Theil index and the decomposition technique. Specifically, the Theil index is used to measure the inequality in carbon emissions from the perspective of global and each income group level. The extended logarithmic mean Divisia index was developed to explore the driving factors.FindingsThis study finds that the inequality in carbon emissions of intraincome group is getting better, whereas the inequality in carbon emission of interincome group is getting worse. And the difference in global carbon emissions between income groups is the main source of global carbon emission inequality, which is greater than that within each income group. In addition, the high-income group has transferred their carbon emissions to upper-middle income group by importing high-carbon-intensive products to meet the domestic demand, while lower-middle-income group do not fully participate in the international trade.Practical implicationsTo alleviate the global carbon inequality, more attention should be paid to the inequality in carbon emission of interincome group, especially the trade between high-income group and upper-middle income group. From the perspective of driving factors, the impact of import and export trade dependence on the per capita carbon emissions of different income groups can almost offset each other, so the trade surplus effect should be the focus of each group.Originality/valueIn order to consider the impact of international trade, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of global carbon emissions inequality from the perspective of income levels and introduces the import and export dependence effect and the trade surplus effect into the analysis framework of global carbon emission inequality drivers, which has not been any research carried out so far. The results of this paper not only provide policy recommendations for mitigating global carbon emissions but also provide a new research perspective for subsequent inequality research.

Innovation models and interdisciplinarity in science, technology and innovation policy in Costa Rica

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Diego Soto Kiewit ◽  
Bianca Vienni Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Innovation Processes ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

Purpose This paper aims to analyse innovation models and interdisciplinarity in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy in Costa Rica between 2015 and 2021. The core focus is to evaluate the public policy in light of the groundwork that sustains the designed and proposed actions. Design/methodology/approach The authors applied a qualitative approach to build a set of dimensions and conducted content-analysis of selected documents. The analysis encompasses all current STI public policy documents in Costa Rica, including the planning instruments of the Central Government and the National Policy on STI. Findings The main findings show that STI policy in Costa Rica is based on different innovation models, but the projects and instruments themselves show the predominance of the reductionist model. Innovation receives a residual role. In turn, interdisciplinarity is based on the concept of convergence, which limits disciplinary collaboration to the natural, physical and engineering sciences, minimising contributions from other fields of knowledge to an instrumental role in innovation processes. Practical implications The authors conclude that the interlinkage between open innovation models, the participation of diverse societal actors and the inclusion of an interdisciplinary perspective leads to inclusive and more democratic public policy, allowing more sectors and organisations to benefit from innovation processes. This would imply a greater reach and impact of the policy, conditions that translate into innovation achievements and a better return on public investment. Originality/value This paper contributes to current discussions on STI policy by studying the implications of the link among policies, innovation models and interdisciplinarity.

Housing delivery to the low income in Botswana

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 356-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Kampamba ◽  
Simon Kachepa ◽  
Boipuso Nkwae ◽  
Ntombi Godiraone Matlhogojane ◽  
Tuelo Outule
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Mixed Method ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose The purpose of this study is to evaluate the housing delivery to the low income through the Self Help Housing Agency (SHHA) in Gaborone, Botswana. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected through the use of questionnaire, interviews, records searches and observations using the mixed-method approach to establish why people sale houses. Proportionate and simple random sampling was used to obtain a sample size of 93 plots for both new SHHA areas and old SHHA areas at 90 per cent confidence level. For each plot, data pertaining to plot allocation, plot ownership, exchange of ownership over the years were collected. Findings The findings revealed that the programme has been hit by challenges emanating from the low-income group selling their houses to middle-income group which is predominant in the area thus leading to gentrification. It was also established that the number of sales in SHHA areas were increasing as evidenced from the transfers that were taking place. This could be influenced by the increasing demand for housing due to a growing population in Gaborone. The findings also revealed that demand is one of the determinants of rising prices, thus an incentive to the low-income group to sell their houses at higher prices. Research limitations/implications The implication of these findings is that the low income will be displaced and might become homeless in future thus creating an opportunity for illegal settlements to develop. Originality/value The study has provided a context in which housing delivery to the low-income group can be safe guarded.

The production and use of indicators in science, technology and innovation policy-making in Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert Edgar Manyuchi ◽  
John Ouma Mugabe
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Innovation Policy ◽  
Institutional Arrangement ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Innovation Surveys ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

PurposeA growing number of African countries are starting to produce science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators. The purpose of this paper is to provide some lessons learnt in the production and use of STI indicators in Malawi and South Africa. It is compares the two countries’ efforts to conduct Research and Development (R&D) surveys and examines whether and how STI indicators are used in policymaking processes.Design/methodology/approachThe study approach is qualitative. The research methodology encompasses a thorough review of both policy and academic literature as well as some interviews.FindingsThe study demonstrates that South Africa has a relatively developed institutional arrangement for undertaking R&D and innovation surveys and developing related STI indicators. There is evidence that efforts are being made to use STI indicators to inform policymaking in the country. On the other hand, Malawi conducted its first R&D survey under the African Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators Initiative (ASTII) and has not established an institutional mechanism dedicated to producing STI indicators. There is no evidence that indicators are used in, or to inform, policymaking in the country.Research limitations/implicationsBecause of significant differences in STI policymaking histories, capacities and cultures of the two countries, it is not really useful to compare the STI production and use. Rather it is important to draw lessons from the efforts of the two countries.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that the production of STI indicators should be embedded in policy processes. To be useful and effective, STI indicators production needs to be explicitly linked to policy formulation, evaluation and monitoring activities without necessarily undermining the independence of producing STI indicators.Social implicationsCreating stand-alone programmes or agencies for R&D and innovation surveys without clear articulation with policymaking needs erodes opportunities of having evidence-based STI policy regimes.Originality/valueAlthough in 2005 only South Africa and Tunisia had national programmes dedicated to the generation of R&D statistics, by the end of 2010 at least 19 African countries had experimented with conducting R&D surveys under the auspices of the ASTII of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development. These countries accumulated different experiences and consequently build different kinds of institutional capacities. Through the Malawi and South Africa case studies, some important lessons for STI indicators production and use and STI policymaking can be drawn for developing countries in general and African countries in particular.

Science, technology and innovation systems of small economies under pressure – sketching three possible future pathways of the Finnish system

foresight ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mika Nieminen ◽  
Torsti Loikkanen ◽  
Antti Pelkonen
Keyword(s):  
Success Factors ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Development Paths ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore and discuss possible future pathways of the Finnish science, technology and innovation (STI) system. The paper sketches three speculative pathways for the Finnish STI system. Design/methodology/approach Theoretical considerations behind the pathways are based on analyses of the determinants and behaviour of small open economies, their innovation systems and governance. The empirical background of the paper is in the current trends of the Finnish economy and STI system. The analysis of pathways is based on three dimensions: institutionalized policy environment and economy, domestic interest groups and policy and STI institutions and funding. Changes in these dimensions are analysed by paying special attention to two variables: the position of the nation state and the general economic development. Findings The first future pathway outlined is based on an optimistic view by setting Finland on the basis of past success factors as an European and global STI hotspot. The second pathway is based on the assumption that the Finnish STI system will be increasingly subordinated to international structures and decision-making. The third one is geared around the assumption that the Finnish STI system will be dominated by industries. Research limitations/implications While Finland has been seen as a European showpiece of innovation since the early 2000s, currently the country’s national economy and STI system are undergoing a critical period. The paper sheds light on this transformation and its potential future outcomes and attempts to raise debate on the options policy makers may face in the increasingly complex global environment in small countries. Originality/value The paper introduces potential future avenues for the Finnish STI system and provides a contribution to the debate of the future of small countries’ STI systems and innovation policies by emphasising the limited space of the STI policy choices and how the development paths and space for policy making evolve from the interaction of socio-economic factors between domestic and wider international context.

An evaluation of middle-income group housing in Kolkata, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kaur ◽  
Sumana Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Income Group ◽  
Group Housing ◽  
Satisfaction Level ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Survey Question ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
The Government

Purpose This study aims to assess the satisfaction level of middle-income group (MIG) residents of government group housings of Kolkata, India. Further, a Composite Satisfaction Index (CSI) was also devised for assessing the satisfaction level. Design/methodology/approach The satisfaction level was assessed in three domains – “within premises”, “at neighbourhood” and “with cost” – incurred and questionnaires were designed to conduct primary survey. Question on overall level of satisfaction “with location” was also included. All satisfaction responses were recorded on a five-point Likert scale. Subsequently, a CSI – a weighted average of satisfaction for attribute “with location” and “with cost” – was devised. The weights were assigned through expert opinion survey using Delphi technique. Data being ordinal in nature, a two-step approach was adopted – initially through exploratory factor analysis, contributing attributes were identified and later a Generalised Ordered Logit Model was fitted in STATA. “Monetary benefits” were calculated as a difference of actual expenditure incurred from recommended expenditure towards regular transportation and housing. Mean satisfaction scores for attributes “with cost” were validated with “monetary benefits”. Findings Attribute “with cost” contributed significantly towards the overall level of satisfaction “with location”. The computed CSI values also comply with the findings, indicating the reliability of the index in similar contexts. The government group housing model was successful in its outreach towards the intended beneficiaries. Practical implications The CSI devised will help the MIG in identifying appropriate residential housing locations and enable policymakers in reviewing group housings. Originality/value Residential satisfaction studies were not specific to MIG residents considering attribute “with cost”. Hence, this study contributed to the existing knowledge in this specific context.

Perceived eWallet security: impact of COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil Undale ◽  
Ashish Kulkarni ◽  
Harshali Patil
Keyword(s):  
Income Group ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Lower Income Group ◽  
Middle Income Group ◽  
Security Concerns ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Digital Transactions ◽  
Method Approach

Purpose Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic forced nationwide lockdown in India. During the period of lockdown usage of eWallet increased by 44%. With the increased usage of digital transactions, cyber-crime attacks also increased as much as by 86%. The socio-economic environment and the peoples’ mindset in the country yet not ready for this kind of rise in digital transactions. The purpose of this study is to capture “security concern” and “comfortability” in regard to using eWallet during the COVID-19 pandemic situation. The study further investigated the influence of demographics such as gender and income on “security concern” and “comfortability” in using eWallet. Design/methodology/approach This was an empirical study. The respondents were selected using a purposive sampling method. Only those people who had been using eWallet were included in the survey. The questionnaire was circulated to 100 respondents who agreed to participate in the survey. After scrutiny total of 43 questionnaires were found to be completely filled in all aspects, and thus used for analysis. This study used an innovative multi-method approach for analysis. The hypotheses were tested using two methods: the conventional p-value method and the robust BCa bootstrap method. The effect size was also reported. Findings The findings suggest that female users are more concerned about eWallet security than male users. This study showed that people from the middle-income group are more concerned about the security of digital payments than the people from the lower-income group. Research limitations/implications This study covered the influence of two demographic variables “gender” and “income” on security and comfort in using eWallets. Other demographic variables such as age, education, occupation and area of residence (rural or urban) need to be investigated with the inclusion of rural populations. From the findings of this study, this paper argues that the middle-income group in India is more risk intolerant than the lower-income group while higher and lower-income groups are indifferent. A separate detailed study is recommended for additional support. This study used an innovative multi-method approach of analysis and use of bootstrapping. This may encourage other researchers to adopt such approaches. Practical implications This study showed that irrespective of the forceful adoption; security concerns are prevailing and on the rise. This is an alarm to developers and service providers that, although the use of eWallets increased exponentially during this COVID-19 pandemic, it is a forceful adoption and not willful. They should not get deceived by rise in eWallet users and must endeavor to improve the security of eWallets otherwise, there may be a sharp decline in eWallet users once the COVID-19 pandemic is over. Originality/value This study attempted to capture the comfortability and security concerns of eWallet users during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used an innovative multi-method approach of analysis and used bootstrapping in addition to the conventional p-value method to test the significance. This study showed that irrespective of the forceful adoption of eWallets owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, security concerns are prevailing and on the rise. The study confirms that gender has an influence on eWallet security. The findings of this study are in partial conformity with the findings of previous researchers.

Towards the institutionalisation of parliamentary technology assessment: the case for Ireland

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-334
Author(s):  
Csaba Csaki ◽  
Ciara Fitzgerald ◽  
Paidi O’Raghallaigh ◽  
Frederic Adam
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Technology Assessment ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology And Innovation ◽  
Technology Governance ◽  
Science Technology ◽  
Science Technology And Innovation

Purpose – This paper aims to consider the case study of Ireland with regards to the implementation of a formal parliamentary technology assessment (PTA) capability. With emphasis on innovation and knowledge-based economies, society faces a proliferation of technological challenges with far-reaching unpredictable impacts. Elected representatives need unbiased scientific knowledge to underpin evidence-based policy-oriented decision-making. PTA is directed at policy-oriented decision-making processes within the parliament. It identifies the role played by existing agencies and the gaps that remain to be filled in the current landscape. It explores the feasibility of potential future institutional arrangements in a country without a recognised formal PTA agency. Design/methodology/approach – An embedded case study approach was utilised based on three main sources of evidence: relevant published documents pertaining to science and technology governance; interviews with key decision-makers; and illustrative case of “hydraulic fracturing” demonstrating key issues stemming from the lack of a formal PTA structure. Findings – The case revealed the interplay between key actors in the area of science, technology and innovation in Ireland. It demonstrated the need for improved citizen engagement. The analysis revealed that formal technology assessment channels should be established to provide a voice for civil society to engage in policy-making. Given the requirements and constraints, a feasible way to implement PTA seems to be the “parliamentary office” model which would seem to be a good fit in the context of Ireland’s current situation. Originality/value – The paper presents how PTA may be realised in a country without a formal PTA agency using a parliamentary office model to provide a channel for citizen engagement in science, technology and innovation (STI) policy-making.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document