Ductile cement-based spray-applied fire-resistive materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Victor C. Li
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Field Application ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cementitious Composite ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Engineered Cementitious Composite ◽  
Passive Fire Protection

Purpose Spray-applied fire-resistive materials (SFRMs) are the most commonly used passive fire protection for steel structure in the USA. However, they are often called into question because of their poor durability (cohesive and adhesive) performance. Being an inherently brittle material with low tensile strength, SFRM tends to dislodge and delaminate under extreme loads and service loads. Such loss of fire protection greatly endangers the steel structures, especially under multi-hazards like post-earthquake/impact fires. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new technology of a ductile cement-based SFRM, namely, spray-applied fire-resistive engineered cementitious composite (SFR-ECC) that overcomes the aforementioned problems and contributes toward enhanced fire safety of steel structures. Design/methodology/approach SFR-ECC has been developed as a durable alternative to conventional SFRM by adopting engineered cementitious composite (ECC) technology in the material design process. Various experimental studies have also been conducted to fully evaluate the performance of SFR-ECC. Findings It is found that SFR-ECC possesses much better durability performance under both static and high-rate loading compared to conventional SFRMs. With many unique properties, applications of SFR-ECC for pre-fabrication of passive fire protection are also found to be feasible. Originality/value This paper is a comprehensive introduction of the newly developed SFR-ECC. It summarizes the key properties of SFR-ECC and provides a useful guideline for further investigation and field application of SFR-ECC.

Appraisal of fire safety interventions and strategies for informal settlements in South Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Shaun Walls ◽  
Rodney Eksteen ◽  
Charles Kahanji ◽  
Antonio Cicione
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Safety Interventions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Broad Understanding

Purpose Informal settlements are inherently unstructured in nature, lack adequate services, regularly have high population densities and can experience social problems. Thus, fires can easily propagate rapidly through such areas, leaving thousands homeless in a single fire. The purpose of this paper is to present an appraisal of various interventions and strategies to improve fire safety in informal settlements in South Africa (globally, similar settlements are known as slums, ghettos, favelas, shantytowns, etc.), considering aspects of both technical suitability and social suitability. Design/methodology/approach This paper focusses on three specific aspects: ignition risk management, active fire protection interventions and passive fire protection interventions. These are presented within a framework to outline how they may mitigate the impact of fires. Findings Often “solutions” proposed to improve fire safety either lack a sound engineering basis, thus becoming technically inefficient, or do not consider social circumstances and community responses in settlements, thereby becoming practically, socially or economically unsuitable. It must be understood that there is no “quick fix” to this significant problem, but rather a combination of interventions can improve fire safety in general. A broad understanding of the various options available is essential when addressing this problem, which this paper seeks to provide. Practical implications This paper seeks to provide an overview to guide policymakers and organisations by illustrating both the advantages/benefits and disadvantages/challenges of the interventions and strategies currently being rolled out, as well as potential alternatives. Originality/value A broad but succinct appraisal is provided that gives insight and direction for improving fire safety in informal settlements. It is hoped that the challenges associated with the fire safety interventions discussed can be addressed and improved over time.

Reliable assumptions for structural fire design of steel car parks

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristian Dahl Hertz ◽  
Lars Schiøtt Sørensen ◽  
Luisa Giuliani
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Fire Spread ◽  
Fire Load ◽  
Fire Dynamics ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Car Park ◽  
Fire Loads ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fire Load Density

PurposeThis study aims to analyze and discuss the key design assumptions needed for design of car parks in steel, to highlight the impact that the increased fire loads introduced by modern cars and changes in the fire dynamics have on the design, such as fire spread leading to non-localized fires.Design/methodology/approachIn particular, a reliable fire load density to be used for structural design of car park structures is assessed, based on investigations of the fire loads of modern cars. Based on knowledge of fire load and fire performance of cars, the consequences on the fire safety design of steel structures are presented.FindingsDesign recommendation about fire load density and fire protection of common steel profiles are given. Finally, the proposed design is compared with a design practice that has been applied in many instances for car parks constructed with unprotected steel, and recommendations for a reliable design process are provided.Originality/valueNumerous car park buildings have recently been designed of steel structures without passive or active fire protection. The key assumptions that makes possible such design are local fire scenarios, outdated values of the car fire load and utilization of the ultimate steel strength. This paper identifies the shortcomings of such key assumptions, indicating the need for revisiting the methods and possibly even checking the analyses carried out for some already-built car parks.

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF UNPROTECTED AND PROTECTED STEEL STRUCTURES UNDER FIRE

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Véronique Saulnier ◽  
Sébastien Durif ◽  
Abdelhamid Bouchaïr ◽  
Philippe Audebert ◽  
Mohamed Lahmar
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Steel Plate ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Experimental Protocol ◽  
Plate Temperature ◽  
Angle Section ◽  
Set Up

<p>Preliminary fire experimental tests have been carried out on steel plates protected with intumescent coating.</p><p>The tests evaluated and measured the heating of steel plates with various geometrical configurations: shape, size. A first test on an equal leg angle section showed interesting results with different coating expansion on the faces of the section.</p>The second test campaign is done with different protections to compare behaviors of four steel plates. The first objective is to set up an experimental protocol for future tests. Those results are used to evaluate analytical prevision of steel plate temperature with and without fire protection.

A risk-based approach for structural assessment against fire considering escalation and passive fire protection (PFP) optimization

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Sari ◽  
Umid Azimov
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consequence Analysis ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Severity Levels ◽  
Fire Loading ◽  
New Perspective

PurposeAccidental loadings such as fire constitute a great majority of potential and actual fatalities in both onshore and offshore installations. In order to prevent human loss and for a safe design of an asset, the risk of fire loading needs to be quantified, in terms of both probability/frequency and consequence aspects. In this paper the authors propose a novel risk-based approach for the assessment against accidental fire loading.Design/methodology/approachIn a conventional passive fire protection (PFP) analysis using ductility level analysis (DLA), fire loads are deterministically applied to a structure whose response is then analyzed. The initial PFP scheme is developed based on the analysis and then optimized. This approach is sometimes misinterpreted as a “risk-based” approach; however, it does not take into account the frequency aspect of the risk assessment. In a risk-based PFP analysis using DLA, fire scenarios are developed in a particular target zone. Then DLA is performed to determine the structural consequence. If personnel safety is of interest, the consequence of the structure is then linked to individual risk (IR) to determine fatalities. The amount of PFP to be applied on the structure is fully based on the risk that is produced by the fire scenarios in target zones.FindingsA new perspective on safe design of onshore/offshore structures for accidental loadings is outlined to estimate the associated risk to potential targets such as personnel as well as asset. The proposed assessment methodology will contribute toward identifying the mitigation measures and safety-critical procedures and equipment and toward a safer design.Originality/valueThis paper presents a new perspective in a safer design of onshore and offshore structures for a fire accidental loading based on risk calculation. Risk is defined as a combination of the frequency and consequence. An event frequency analysis is carried out to determine how often one should expect the event to occur. A consequence analysis is carried out to determine the severity levels of the event. In a risk-based consequence analysis, the severity levels are fully determined based on the risk associated with the event. The proposed novel risk-based assessment methodology against accidental fire loading contributes toward fully understanding the risk from an impact to personnel and to asset perspectives and leads toward safer and optimal design.

Evaluation of fire-retardant effectiveness of coatings for steel structures

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Владимир Ильич Голованов ◽  
Андрей Владимирович Пехотиков ◽  
Владимир Валерьевич Павлов
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Actual Fire

Представлены результаты анализа экспериментальной и аналитической оценки огнезащитной эффективности покрытий для стальных конструкций. Обобщены данные многолетних исследований по определению зависимостей от температуры таких теплофизических характеристик, как теплопроводность и теплоемкость. Разработана структурно-методологическая схема выбора огнезащитных покрытий для стальных конструкций в целях обеспечения нормативных требований по огнестойкости. Проведены экспериментальные исследования по определению огнезащитной эффективности терморасширяющихся покрытий на эпоксидной основе при воздействии температурного режима горения углеводородов. Рассмотрен вопрос о гармонизации методики экспериментальной оценки огнезащитной эффективности средств огнезащиты для стальных конструкций с действующими европейскими нормами. Установлены критерии выбора пассивной огнезащиты, зависящие от области применения способов огнезащиты. Steel structures have high strength, relative lightness and durability, but when exposed to high temperatures in a fire, they deform, lose stability and load-bearing capacity. The collapse of load-bearing steel structures can occur in 10-15 minutes after the fire start. The actual fire resistance limit of structures can be increased by using the active and passive fire protection systems. The use of the active system for increasing the actual fire resistance limit is not provided in the regulatory documents. Passive fire protection is a complex of technical solutions including the use of non-flammable materials and bulging compounds. It is also an integral part of the building structure that ensures the required fire resistance limit. Assessment of fire resistance of building structures of residential, public, warehouse and industrial buildings is carried out taking into account the temperature regime (cellulose) of a standard fire. At oil and gas, petrochemical enterprises as well as at oil production platforms fires can occur at combustion of various hydrocarbon fuels which are characterized by a rapid temperature increase to 1100 °C. In this case, in accordance with GOST R EN 1363-2-2014, the temperature regime of hydrocarbon combustion is used to assess the fire resistance of building structures. The fire-retardant effectiveness of fire protection means for steel structures is determined by the heating time of the standard I-shaped column without applying a static load on the sample to the average “critical” temperature of the steel of 500 °C. Materials used for fire protection of steel structures must have a good thermal insulation ability, which is estimated by the coefficient of thermal conductivity. When heated to high temperatures, the thermal conductivity coefficient of fire-resistant materials varies depending on their composition and temperature. Based on the analysis of research to determine the fire-retardant effectiveness of fire protection means for steel structures there was developed a structural and methodological scheme that allows to make a choice of fire protection. Currently, as a fire protection there are widely used intumescent paints and thermo-expandable coatings. Taking into account the lack of knowledge of the influence of long-term operation and a large number of other technological factors on the fire-retardant effectiveness of coatings of steel structures covered with intumescent paints, it would be right to limit the use of such type of fire protection for load-bearing structures contributing to the overall sustainability of buildings with a required fire resistance of R 30. For fire protection of steel structures of oil and gas facilities located in the open air, in severe climatic conditions and exposed to aggressive environments there is successfully used a thermo-expandable two-component epoxy-based coating. The analysis of experimental data showed that the use of epoxy-based coatings is suitable for metal structures in the open air. In closed rooms the epoxy intumescent coating should not be used because at high temperature in a fire it ignites with toxic combustion products release.

Predicted temperature development on protected cellular steel beam (CSB) under fire exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-220
Author(s):  
Fariz Aswan Ahmad Zakwan ◽  
Ruqayyah Ismail ◽  
Renga Rao Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Azmi Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Fire Protection ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Steel Beam ◽  
Fire Exposure ◽  
Intumescent Coating ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Passive Fire Protection ◽  
Temperature Development ◽  
Beam Section

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the predicted temperature behaviour of the protected cellular steel beam (CSB) with circular web openings at elevated temperature through finite element simulation. Design/methodology/approach Temperature development along the CSB were analysed and used for parametric investigation. In addition, this research paper investigates the novelty application of various intumescent coating thicknesses covering the whole CSB to cut down the temperature development along the beam section. Findings From the simulation outcomes, it shows that intumescent coating has a significant effect in reducing the temperature development along the CSB section. Thicker intumescent coating contributes to a higher temperature drop at the bottom tee section than the upper tee section. Originality/value The use of structural CSB has gained popularity among engineers and architects. This type of beam allows serviceability ducts and pipes to pass through the main steel web section under the flooring system, thus providing larger headroom for designers. Nevertheless, in any structural steel building, it is highly risky for CSB to be exposed to fire hazard if it were triggered accidentally. To mitigate and reduce fire exposure risk which might compromise the strength and stiffness of CSB, a passive fire protection is proposed to minimise the risk. One of the common passive fire protection materials used for steel beam section is intumescent coating. Intumescent coating is by far the cheapest solution to protect CSB as compared to other passive fire protection system. Intumescent coating can absorb some portion of heat exposure which subsequently translates a lower temperature development along the CSB section.

scholarly journals Flowability and Compressive Strength of Lime Stone Calcinated Clay Cement based ECC

2021 ◽  
Vol 1197 (1) ◽  
pp. 012084
Author(s):  
Vyshnavi Pesaralanka ◽  
Veerendrakumar C Khed
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Cementitious Composite ◽  
Polypropylene Fibres ◽  
Engineered Cementitious Composite ◽  
Research Article ◽  
Flow Table ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Lime Stone

Abstract This article helps to determine the exact flowable behaviour and compressive strength of Lime stone calcinated clay cement based Engineered cementitious composite. To make more sustainable and flowable ECC, cement is replaced with lime stone calcinated clay cement and PVA fibres are replaced with polypropylene fibres. Incorporation of fibres improves the toughness of casted specimen. Compressive strength test was performed to investigate the hardened property of ECC. In addition, flow table test was done to investigate the green properties of LC3 based ECC. Experimental studies showed higher flowability of the LC3 based ECC with PP fibre was at low fibre content. This research article recommends the use of LC3 based ECC with the pp fibre in case of self-compactable ECC with little modifications. Looking forward, further attempts could provide quite beneficial to the literature.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF FIRE-PROTECTIVE ABILITY OF NEWLY CREATED FIRE-PROTECTIVE COATINGS OF STEEL STRUCTURES

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-88
Author(s):  
A. Kovalov ◽  
◽  
Y. Otrosh ◽  
V. Tomenko ◽  
O. Vasylyev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Thermal Calculation ◽  
Thermophysical Characteristics ◽  
Standard Temperature

Abstract. The results of the development of fire-retardant substances based on domestic materials to increase the fire resistance of fire-retardant steel structures are presented. New compositions of fire-retardant substances on the basis of domestic materials capable of swelling are developed. A series of experimental studies to determine the heating temperature of fire-resistant steel structures. For this purpose, samples of reduced size in the form of a steel plate with a flame retardant applied to the heating surface were used. Fire tests of fire-retardant steel plates coated with the developed fire-retardant substance forming a coating on the protected surface, in the conditions of their tests on the standard temperature of the fire using the installation to determine the fire-retardant ability of fire-retardant coatings. The results of experimental determination of temperature from an unheated surface of steel plates with a fire-retardant covering in the conditions of fire influence at a standard temperature mode of a fire are analyzed. Based on the obtained data (temperature in the furnace and from the unheated surface of steel plates with fire protection system) the solution of the inverse problems of thermal conductivity found thermophysical characteristics of fire protection coating (thermal conductivity and specific volume), which can be used for thermal calculation heating of fire-retardant steel structures at arbitrary fire temperatures. The thermophysical characteristics of the formed fire-retardant coating are substantiated to find the characteristics of the fire-retardant ability of the newly created fire-retardant coating and to ensure the fire resistance of fire-retardant steel structures. The efficiency of the developed fire-retardant coating for protection of steel structures is proved.

scholarly journals Post-fire assessment and reinstatement of steel structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrysanthos Maraveas ◽  
Zacharias Fasoulakis ◽  
Konstantinos Daniel Tsavdaridis
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Remaining Capacity

Purpose This paper aims to present technical aspects of the assessment method and evaluation of fire damaged steel structures. The current work focuses on the behavior of structural normal steel (hot-rolled and cold-formed) and high-strength bolts after exposure to elevated temperatures. Information on stainless steel, cast iron and wrought iron is also presented. Design/methodology/approach Because of the complexity of the issue, an elaborate presentation of the mechanical properties influencing factors is followed. Subsequently, a wide range of experimental studies is extensively reviewed in the literature while simplified equations for determining the post-fire mechanical properties are proposed, following appropriate categorization. Moreover, the reinstatement survey is also comprehensively described. Findings Useful conclusions are drawn for the safe reuse of the structural elements and connection components. According to the parametric investigation of the aforementioned data, it can be safely concluded that the most common scenario of buildings after fire events, i.e. apart from excessively distorted structures, implies considerable remaining capacity of the structure, highlighting that subsequent demolition should not be the case, especially regarding critical infrastructure and buildings. Originality/value The stability of the structure as a whole is addressed, with aim to establish specific guidelines and code provisions for the correct appraisal and rehabilitation of fire damaged structures.

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