Characteristics affecting charitable donations: empirical evidence from Britain

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bodo B. Schlegelmilch ◽  
Adamantios Diamantopoulos ◽  
Alix Love
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fund Raising ◽  
Charitable Donations ◽  
Government Incentives ◽  
Nation Wide Survey ◽  
Individual Giving

The need for charity services in Britain is increasing, particularly since the introduction of government incentives such as ‘Care in the Community’. However, large scale surveys of individual giving in Britain have indicated that donations to charity are at best remaining static. Careful administrative use of funds and accurate targeting of donors are therefore vital to a charity’s survival. Utilises empirical data from a nation‐wide survey to investigate in how far it is possible to accurately identify likely donors. Provides suggestions on how such information may be utilised in formulating fund‐raising strategies.

scholarly journals How does the position of firms in the supply chain affect their performance? An empirical study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siddharth Arora ◽  
Alexandra Brintrup
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Supply Chain Networks ◽  
Focal Firm ◽  
Cooperative Competition ◽  
Large Scale Networks ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe relationship between a firm and its supply chain has been well studied, however, the association between the position of firms in complex supply chain networks and their performance has not been adequately investigated. This is primarily due to insufficient availability of empirical data on large-scale networks. To addresses this gap in the literature, we investigate the relationship between embeddedness patterns of individual firms in a supply network and their performance using empirical data from the automotive industry. In this study, we devise three measures that characterize the embeddedness of individual firms in a supply network. These are namely: centrality, tier position, and triads. Our findings caution us that centrality impacts individual performance through a diminishing returns relationship. The second measure, tier position, allows us to investigate the concept of tiers in supply networks because we find that as networks emerge, the boundaries between tiers become unclear. Performance of suppliers degrade as they move away from the focal firm (i.e., Toyota). The final measure, triads, investigates the effect of buying and selling to firms that supply the same customer, portraying the level of competition and cooperation in a supplier’s network. We find that increased coopetition (i.e., cooperative competition) is a performance enhancer, however, excessive complexity resulting from being involved in both upstream and downstream coopetition results in diminishing performance. These original insights help understand the drivers of firm performance from a network perspective and provide a basis for further research.

scholarly journals Public health decisions in the COVID-19 pandemic require more than ‘follow the science’

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107134
Author(s):  
Thana Cristina de Campos-Rudinsky ◽  
Eduardo Undurraga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Good Decision

Although empirical evidence may provide a much desired sense of certainty amidst a pandemic characterised by uncertainty, the vast gamut of available COVID-19 data, including misinformation, has instead increased confusion and distrust in authorities’ decisions. One key lesson we have been gradually learning from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the availability of empirical data and scientific evidence alone do not automatically lead to good decisions. Good decision-making in public health policy, this paper argues, does depend on the availability of reliable data and rigorous analyses, but depends above all on sound ethical reasoning that ascribes value and normative judgement to empirical facts.

scholarly journals On the origin of variable structures in the winds of hot luminous stars

2013 ◽  
Vol 440 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick J. L. Michaux ◽  
Anthony F. J. Moffat ◽  
André-Nicolas Chené ◽  
Nicole St-Louis
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Temporal Variability ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Ionization Zone ◽  
Corotating Interaction Regions ◽  
Wind Variability ◽  
Global Magnetic Field ◽  
Interaction Regions

Abstract Examination of the temporal variability properties of several strong optical recombination lines in a large sample of Galactic Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars reveals possible trends, especially in the more homogeneous WC than the diverse WN subtypes, of increasing wind variability with cooler subtypes. This could imply that a serious contender for the driver of the variations is stochastic, magnetic subsurface convection associated with the 170 kK partial-ionization zone of iron, which should occupy a deeper and larger zone of greater mass in cooler WR subtypes. This empirical evidence suggests that the heretofore proposed ubiquitous driver of wind variability, radiative instabilities, may not be the only mechanism playing a role in the stochastic multiple small-scaled structures seen in the winds of hot luminous stars. In addition to small-scale stochastic behaviour, subsurface convection guided by a global magnetic field with localized emerging loops may also be at the origin of the large-scale corotating interaction regions as seen frequently in O stars and occasionally in the winds of their descendant WR stars.

scholarly journals Iterations as the result of social and technical factors: empirical evidence from a large-scale design project

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastiano A. Piccolo ◽  
Anja M. Maier ◽  
Sune Lehmann ◽  
Chris A. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Project ◽  
Technical Factors ◽  
Scale Design

scholarly journals Fooled by facts: quantifying anchoring bias through a large-scale experiment

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taha Yasseri ◽  
Jannie Reher
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Great Care ◽  
The Future ◽  
Anchoring Bias ◽  
Scale Experiment

AbstractThrough a large-scale online field experiment, we provide new empirical evidence for the presence of the anchoring bias in people’s judgement due to irrational reliance on a piece of information that they are initially given. The comparison of the anchoring stimuli and respective responses across different tasks reveals a positive, yet complex relationship between the anchors and the bias in participants’ predictions of the outcomes of events in the future. Participants in the treatment group were equally susceptible to the anchors regardless of their level of engagement, previous performance, or gender. Given the strong and ubiquitous influence of anchors quantified here, we should take great care to closely monitor and regulate the distribution of information online to facilitate less biased decision making.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural data shows musical scales evolved to maximise imperfect fifths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcbride ◽  
Tsvi Tlusty
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Musical Scales

Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths (“imperfect fifths”), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.

scholarly journals Citizen ownership of the state: A measure using election promise implementation score

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abul Azad
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Barack Obama ◽  
The State ◽  
Representative Government ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
The Usa

<p><i>This paper introduces a measure of citizen ownership of the state, which works with empirical data. The paper defines citizen ownership of the state as a condition where whatever the majority of citizens want is implemented. In the present-day large scale state, whatever the majority of citizens want is expressed in the election promises of the winning party, alliance or individuals. The paper argues that the level of implementation of election promises is a measurement of citizen ownership of the state. It models the authority of a representative government to a power of attorney. The citizen as principal awards a power of attorney to the winning party, alliance or individuals as an agent in their election. In the election, the set of election promises of the agent becomes the only written part of the power of attorney. The 2008-2012 tenure of US President Barack Obama is used to test how the methodological approach works with empirical data. The test finds the citizen ownership of the state in the USA at 70.7 percent and the party intrusion into the ownership at 29.3 percent during the tenure.</i>.</p>

A New Agenda for Cognitive Development

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Siegler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Children’S Thinking ◽  
The Way

My goal in writing this book is to change the agenda of the field of cognitive development. In particular, I want to promote greater attention to the question that I believe is inherently at the core of the field: How do changes in children’s thinking occur? Focusing on change may not sound like a radical departure from current practice, but I believe it is. It will require reformulation of our basic assumptions about children’s thinking, the kinds of questions we ask about it, our methods for studying it, the mechanisms we propose to explain it, and the basic metaphors that underlie our thinking about it. That modifications of all of these types are being proposed as a package is no accident. Just as existing approaches have directed our attention away from the change process, so may new ones lead us to focus squarely on it. This concluding chapter summarizes the kinds of changes in assumptions, questions, methods, mechanisms, and metaphors that I think are needed. My initial decision to write this book was motivated by a growing discomfort with the large gap between the inherent mission of the field—to understand changes in children’s thinking—and most of what we actually have been studying. As I thought about the problem, I came to the conclusion that existing assumptions, methods, and theories acted in a mutually supportive way to make what we typically do seem essential, and to make doing otherwise—that is, studying change directly—seem impossible. Even approaches that proclaimed themselves to be radical departures from traditional theories maintained many fundamental assumptions of those theories. An increasing body of empirical evidence, however, indicates that some of the assumptions are wrong and that the way in which they are wrong has led us to ignore fundamental aspects of development. In this section, I describe prevailing assumptions regarding variability, choice, and change, and propose alternatives that seem more consistent with empirical data and more useful for increasing our understanding of how changes occur.

Quantitative Concession Behavior Analysis and Prediction for Decision Support in Electronic Negotiations

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 16-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réal A. Carbonneau ◽  
Rustam Vahidov ◽  
Gregory E. Kersten
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Real World ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Automated Negotiation ◽  
Electronic Negotiations ◽  
Memory Decay ◽  
Negotiation Agents

Quantitative analysis of negotiation concession behavior is performed based on empirical data with the purpose of providing simple and intuitive decision support in electronic negotiations. Previous work on non-linear concave preferences and subsequent concession crossover provides a theoretical basis for the model. The authors propose a model which quantifies the remaining concession potential for each issue and a generalization of the model which permits the memory/decay of past concessions. These models permit the analysis of negotiators' concession behavior. Using the proposed models, it was possible to quantitatively determine that negotiators in the authors' negotiation case exhibit concession crossover issues and thus have a tendency to give concessions on issues with the most remaining concession potential. This finding provides empirical evidence of concession crossover in actual concessions and the corresponding model permits the design of a simple and intuitive prediction methodology, which could be used in real world negotiations by decision support systems or automated negotiation agents.

scholarly journals 1. The Origin of Comets

1977 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 453-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Delsemme
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Mass Loss ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Solar Nebula ◽  
Giant Planets ◽  
Outer Ring ◽  
Arrow Of Time ◽  
Satisfactory Theory

Empirical data are confronted with different hypotheses on the origin of comets. The hypotheses are classified into three categories: 1) Comets were condensed from the solar nebula and ejected later into the Oort’s cloud. 2) Comets were condensed in situ, more or less recently, on their present trajectories; 3) Reversing the arrow of time in the traditional evolution of comets. Only two hypotheses, both from the first category, are found to be in agreement with all empirical data. The first hypothesis explains the origin of the Oort’s cloud by the perturbations of the giant planets (mainly Uranus and Neptune and possibly Pluto) on a ring of proto-comets, during the final accretion stages of the solar system. The second hypothesis uses the fast mass loss of the solar nebula to expell an outer ring of proto-comets into elliptic trajectories. Although no empirical evidence requests that the Oort’s cloud be older than a few million years, its matter is not likely to be from a different reservoir than solar system stuff, and no satisfactory theory explains its formation more recently than 4,5 billion years ago.

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