scholarly journals A Model for Seed Transmission of a Plant Virus: Genetic and Structural Analyses of Pea Embryo Invasion by Pea Seed-Borne Mosaic Virus.

1994 ◽  
pp. 777-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wang ◽  
A. J. Maule
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Pea Seed

scholarly journals Light Intensity Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Seed Transmission through Modifications of Plant Tolerance

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Plant Tolerance

Increased light intensity has been predicted as a major consequence of climate change. Light intensity is a critical resource involved in many plant processes, including the interaction with viruses. A central question to plant–virus interactions is understanding the determinants of virus dispersal among plants. However, very little is known on the effect of environmental factors on virus transmission, particularly through seeds. The fitness of seed-transmitted viruses is highly dependent on host reproductive potential, and requires higher virus multiplication in reproductive organs. Thus, environmental conditions that favor reduced virus virulence without controlling its level of within-plant multiplication (i.e., tolerance) may enhance seed transmission. We tested the hypothesis that light intensity conditions that enhance plant tolerance promote virus seed transmission. To do so, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under high and low light intensity. Results indicated that higher light intensity increased TuMV multiplication and/or plant tolerance, which was associated with more efficient seed transmission. Conversely, higher light intensity reduced plant tolerance and CMV multiplication, and had no effect on seed transmission. This work provides novel insights on how environmental factors modulate plant virus transmission and contributes to understand the underlying processes.

The susceptibility of pea cultivars to pea seed-borne mosaic virus infection and virus seed transmission in the UK

1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. WANG ◽  
R. D. WOODS ◽  
A. J. COCKBAIN ◽  
A. J. MAULE ◽  
A. J. BIDDLE
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Pea Seed ◽  
Mosaic Virus Infection

Comparison of some pea seed-borne mosaic virus isolates and their detection by dot-immunobinding assay

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 441 ◽  
Author(s):  
JS Ligat ◽  
D Cartwright ◽  
JW Randles
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Healthy Plant ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
The Us ◽  
Pea Seed

Five isolates of pea seed-borne mosaic virus (US, S4, S6, Q and T) were compared by host range and symptomatology on 16 Pisum sativum cultivars and lines, 21 lines of Lathyrus and Lens spp. and several indicator species. All selections of Pisum sativum, except cv. Greenfeast, were susceptible to all isolates, but Greenfeast was susceptible to the US isolate. All isolates except T infected the Lathyrus and Lens spp. through mechanical and aphid transmissions. Chenopodium amaranticolor and Vicia faba reacted similarly to all isolates, Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Hawkesbury Wonder reacted to none. The North American isolate (US) was distinguished from the Australian S4, S6, Q, and T isolates by infecting Nicotiana clevelandii and Greenfeast pea. In all cases the highest rate of seed transmission occurred in the largest seed (82-91%) and the lowest was in the smallest seed (27-40%). Infected seed in the largest size classes was lighter in weight than the corresponding uninfected seed. Infected seed in all classes had a significantly lower germination rate than uninfected seed although the greatest reduction in germinability was in the smallest seed. In each size class uninfected seed was heavier than infected seed and germinated better. Two-dimensional immunodiffusion tests showed that precipitin lines between all the isolates and either the US and S6 antisera were confluent with no evidence of spurs. A rapid and sensitive indirect dot-immunobinding assay on nitrocellulose membrane for PSbMV was developed in which non-specific reactions were eliminated by using mannose and glucose in buffers, and healthy plant sap as a blocking agent. The limit of detection of antigen was about 32 ng per sample. Both of the antisera detected antigen in sap extracted from peas infected with the 6 PSbMV isolates, originating from the USA, Australia, New Zealand and Denmark and all isolates were detected at similar antiserum dilution endpoints.

Further studies on Pea seed-borne mosaic virus in cool-season crop legumes: responses to infection and seed quality defects

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (12) ◽  
pp. 1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Coutts ◽  
R. T. Prince ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Coat ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Broad Bean ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Pea Seed

Field and glasshouse experiments (3 of each) were done during 2003–06 to determine the responses of a range of genotypes belonging to 13 species of cool-season crop legumes to infection with Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV). Seed quality defects were determined and genotypes of some species were also tested for seed transmission of the virus. In field experiments, of 39 genotypes of field pea (Pisum sativum) evaluated, 15 were ranked as highly susceptible, 10 susceptible, 9 moderately resistant, and 5 resistant, while all 7 lupin species (Lupinus spp.) tested were resistant. In glasshouse sap and graft inoculations with PSbMV to genotypes not found infected in the field and 2 additional lupin species, no virus was detected in any of the 9 lupin species or in 5 field pea genotypes tested. Thus, the lupins all appeared to be non-hosts and the 5 field pea genotypes had resistance to the 2 PSbMV isolates used to inoculate them. All 14 genotypes of faba bean (Vicia faba) evaluated in the field were ranked highly susceptible, while 12 out of 16 lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes were ranked as highly susceptible and 4 as susceptible. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) genotypes were moderately resistant (50) or susceptible (7). Once infected, plant sensitivities (symptom severities) ranged from low in some field pea and most lentil genotypes to high in most faba bean genotypes. Chickpea genotypes all were ranked as moderately sensitive. Seed lots harvested from PSbMV-infected plants of field pea, faba bean, and chickpea all showed severe seed quality defects, but lentil was usually less affected. The predominant seed symptoms were necrotic rings and line markings on the seed coat, malformation, reduced size, and splitting. Kabuli chickpea types also showed darkening of the seed coat. Seed transmission of PSbMV was detected in faba bean (0.2%) and field pea (5–30%). When PSbMV infection foci were introduced into plots of lentil cv. Nugget, the virus spread to the lentil plants and decreased shoot dry weight by 23%, seed yield by 96%, and individual seed weight by 58%. Seed transmission of PSbMV (6%) was detected in seed from the infected lentil plants. In a survey for possible viral seed symptoms, all seed lots of kabuli chickpea (5) and field pea (70), and 10 of 18 of faba bean were affected, but none of the 23 of lentil. When seedlings from 16 faba bean and 7 field pea seed lots were tested for 3 viruses, neither Broad bean stain virus nor Broad bean true mosaic virus was detected, but PSbMV was found in 5 field pea seed lots at incidences of <1–14%. PSbMV was detected in commercial field pea seed stocks of cvv. Kaspa (33) and Parafield (12) at incidences of 0.5–47% and 0.3–30%, respectively. The implications of these findings in terms of genotype susceptiblility and sensitivity to PSbMV infection and their importance for the management of PSbMV in legume crops are discussed.

scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Associated with Cucumber mosaic virus Virulence and Their Link to Virus Seed Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Miriam Gil-Valle ◽  
Elena Caro ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Virus Interactions

Virulence, the effect of pathogen infection on progeny production, is a major determinant of host and pathogen fitness as it affects host fecundity and pathogen transmission. In plant–virus interactions, ample evidence indicates that virulence is genetically controlled by both partners. However, the host genetic determinants are poorly understood. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 154 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), we identified eight host genes associated with virulence, most of them involved in response to biotic stresses and in cell wall biogenesis in plant reproductive structures. Given that virulence is a main determinant of the efficiency of plant virus seed transmission, we explored the link between this trait and the genetic regulation of virulence. Our results suggest that the same functions that control virulence are also important for CMV transmission through seeds. In sum, this work provides evidence of a novel role for some previously known plant defense genes and for the cell wall metabolism in plant virus interactions.

scholarly journals Within-Host Multiplication and Speed of Colonization as Infection Traits Associated with Plant Virus Vertical Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Marisa López-Herranz ◽  
Miriam Gil-Valle ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Number Of Seeds

ABSTRACT Although vertical transmission from parents to offspring through seeds is an important fitness component of many plant viruses, very little is known about the factors affecting this process. Viruses reach the seed by direct invasion of the embryo and/or by infection of the ovules or the pollen. Thus, it can be expected that the efficiency of seed transmission would be determined by (i) virus within-host multiplication and movement, (ii) the ability of the virus to invade gametic tissues, (iii) plant seed production upon infection, and (iv) seed survival in the presence of the virus. However, these predictions have seldom been experimentally tested. To address this question, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. Using these plant-virus interactions, we analyzed the relationship between the effect of virus infection on rosette and inflorescence weights; short-, medium-, and long-term seed survival; virulence; the number of seeds produced per plant; virus within-host speed of movement; virus accumulation in the rosette and inflorescence; and efficiency of seed transmission measured as a percentage and as the total number of infected seeds. Our results indicate that the best estimators of percent seed transmission are the within-host speed of movement and multiplication in the inflorescence. Together with these two infection traits, virulence and the number of seeds produced per infected plant were also associated with the number of infected seeds. Our results provide support for theoretical predictions and contribute to an understanding of the determinants of a process central to plant-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE One of the major factors contributing to plant virus long-distance dispersal is the global trade of seeds. This is because more than 25% of plant viruses can infect seeds, which are the main mode of germplasm exchange/storage, and start new epidemics in areas where they were not previously present. Despite the relevance of this process for virus epidemiology and disease emergence, the infection traits associated with the efficiency of virus seed transmission are largely unknown. Using turnip mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses and their natural host Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems, we have identified the within-host speed of virus colonization and multiplication in the reproductive structures as the main determinants of the efficiency of seed transmission. These results contribute to shedding light on the mechanisms by which plant viruses disperse and optimize their fitness and may help in the design of more-efficient strategies to prevent seed infection.

scholarly journals Quantifying Effects of Seedborne Inoculum on Virus Spread, Yield Losses, and Seed Infection in the Pea seed-borne mosaic virus–Field Pea Pathosystem

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (10) ◽  
pp. 1156-1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Coutts ◽  
R. T. Prince ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Seed Infection ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Infected Seed ◽  
Pea Seed

Field experiments examined the effects of sowing field pea seed with different amounts of infection with Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) on virus spread, seed yield, and infection levels in harvested seed. Plots were sown with seed with actual or simulated seed transmission rates of 0.3 to 6.5% (2005) or 0.1 to 8% (2006), and spread was by naturally occurring migrant aphids. Plants with symptoms and incidence increased with the amount of primary inoculum present. When final incidence reached 97 to 98% (2005) and 36% (2006) in plots sown with 6.5 to 8% infected seed, yield losses of 18 to 25% (2005) and 13% (2006) resulted. When incidence reached 48 to 76% in plots sown with 1.1-2 to 2% initial infection, seed yield losses were 15 to 21% (2005). Diminished seed weight and seed number both contributed to the yield losses. When the 2005 data for the relationships between percent incidence and yield or yield gaps were plotted, 81 to 84% of the variation was explained by final incidence and, for each 1% increase, there was a yield decline of 7.7 to 8.2 kg/ha. Seed transmission rates in harvested seed were mostly greater than those in the seed sown when climatic conditions favored early virus spread (1 to 17% in 2005) but smaller when they did not (0.2 to 2% in 2006). In 2007, sowing infected seed at high seeding rate with straw mulch and regular insecticide application resulted in slower spread and smaller seed infection than sowing at standard seeding rate without straw mulch or insecticide. When data for the relationship between final percent incidence and seed transmission in harvested seed were plotted (all experiments), 95 to 99% of the variation was explained by PSbMV incidence. A threshold value of <0.5% seed infection was established for sowing in high-risk zones.

Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV) Risk Analysis of Field Pea based on Susceptibility, Yield Loss and Seed Transmission

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L Beck-Okins ◽  
Luis E. del Rio Mendoza ◽  
Mary Eileen Burrows ◽  
Kristin Simons ◽  
Julie Sherman Pasche
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Field Pea ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Pea Seed

Pea seed-borne mosaic virus (PSbMV), a non-persistently aphid-transmitted potyvirus, has been reported in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) growing regions worldwide. In 2014, PSbMV was first identified in field peas in North Dakota. Susceptibility and yield losses attributed to PSbMV infection are influenced by viral pathotype and host genotype. Isolate ND14-1, recovered from North Dakota infected seed and identified as pathotype 4 (P4), was mechanically inoculated onto 20 field pea cultivars under greenhouse conditions. PSbMV susceptibility, number of seeds and pods per plant, yield, symptom expression, and PSbMV seed transmission rates were assessed by cultivar. A risk assessment was developed based on cultivar susceptibility, yield reduction, and PSbMV seed transmission. Risk factors were weighted based on perceived importance to commercial field pea producers. Three cultivars were classified as low risk, seven cultivars were classified as intermediate risk and ten cultivars were classified as high risk. Two of the low risk cultivars, Aragorn and Cruiser, were confirmed to be resistant to this isolate of PSbMV. Cultivar Arcadia was susceptible to PSbMV infection with mild expression of symptoms, but classified as low risk based on a low seed transmission rate and diminished yield losses. This risk assessment could prove a useful tool for growers in field pea cultivar selection where PSbMV is prevalent.

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