scholarly journals Arabidopsis thaliana Genes Associated with Cucumber mosaic virus Virulence and Their Link to Virus Seed Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Miriam Gil-Valle ◽  
Elena Caro ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Pathogen Transmission ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Virus Interactions

Virulence, the effect of pathogen infection on progeny production, is a major determinant of host and pathogen fitness as it affects host fecundity and pathogen transmission. In plant–virus interactions, ample evidence indicates that virulence is genetically controlled by both partners. However, the host genetic determinants are poorly understood. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 154 Arabidopsis thaliana genotypes infected by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), we identified eight host genes associated with virulence, most of them involved in response to biotic stresses and in cell wall biogenesis in plant reproductive structures. Given that virulence is a main determinant of the efficiency of plant virus seed transmission, we explored the link between this trait and the genetic regulation of virulence. Our results suggest that the same functions that control virulence are also important for CMV transmission through seeds. In sum, this work provides evidence of a novel role for some previously known plant defense genes and for the cell wall metabolism in plant virus interactions.

scholarly journals Within-Host Multiplication and Speed of Colonization as Infection Traits Associated with Plant Virus Vertical Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (23) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Cobos ◽  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Marisa López-Herranz ◽  
Miriam Gil-Valle ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Plant Viruses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Seed Survival ◽  
Virus Interactions ◽  
Number Of Seeds

ABSTRACT Although vertical transmission from parents to offspring through seeds is an important fitness component of many plant viruses, very little is known about the factors affecting this process. Viruses reach the seed by direct invasion of the embryo and/or by infection of the ovules or the pollen. Thus, it can be expected that the efficiency of seed transmission would be determined by (i) virus within-host multiplication and movement, (ii) the ability of the virus to invade gametic tissues, (iii) plant seed production upon infection, and (iv) seed survival in the presence of the virus. However, these predictions have seldom been experimentally tested. To address this question, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus. Using these plant-virus interactions, we analyzed the relationship between the effect of virus infection on rosette and inflorescence weights; short-, medium-, and long-term seed survival; virulence; the number of seeds produced per plant; virus within-host speed of movement; virus accumulation in the rosette and inflorescence; and efficiency of seed transmission measured as a percentage and as the total number of infected seeds. Our results indicate that the best estimators of percent seed transmission are the within-host speed of movement and multiplication in the inflorescence. Together with these two infection traits, virulence and the number of seeds produced per infected plant were also associated with the number of infected seeds. Our results provide support for theoretical predictions and contribute to an understanding of the determinants of a process central to plant-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE One of the major factors contributing to plant virus long-distance dispersal is the global trade of seeds. This is because more than 25% of plant viruses can infect seeds, which are the main mode of germplasm exchange/storage, and start new epidemics in areas where they were not previously present. Despite the relevance of this process for virus epidemiology and disease emergence, the infection traits associated with the efficiency of virus seed transmission are largely unknown. Using turnip mosaic and cucumber mosaic viruses and their natural host Arabidopsis thaliana as model systems, we have identified the within-host speed of virus colonization and multiplication in the reproductive structures as the main determinants of the efficiency of seed transmission. These results contribute to shedding light on the mechanisms by which plant viruses disperse and optimize their fitness and may help in the design of more-efficient strategies to prevent seed infection.

scholarly journals Topical Application of Double-Stranded RNA Targeting 2b and CP Genes of Cucumber mosaic virus Protects Plants against Local and Systemic Viral Infection

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Maria C. Holeva ◽  
Athanasios Sklavounos ◽  
Rajendran Rajeswaran ◽  
Mikhail M. Pooggin ◽  
Andreas E. Voloudakis
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a destructive plant virus with worldwide distribution and the broadest host range of any known plant virus, as well as a model plant virus for understanding plant–virus interactions. Since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a major antiviral defense, RNAi-based technologies have been developed for plant protection against viral diseases. In plants and animals, a key trigger of RNAi is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) processed by Dicer and Dicer-like (DCL) family proteins in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In the present study, dsRNAs for coat protein (CP) and 2b genes of CMV were produced in vitro and in vivo and applied onto tobacco plants representing a systemic solanaceous host as well as on a local host plant Chenopodium quinoa. Both dsRNA treatments protected plants from local and systemic infection with CMV, but not against infection with unrelated viruses, confirming sequence specificity of antiviral RNAi. Antiviral RNAi was effective when dsRNAs were applied simultaneously with or four days prior to CMV inoculation, but not four days post inoculation. In vivo-produced dsRNAs were more effective than the in vitro-produced; in treatments with in vivo dsRNAs, dsRNA-CP was more effective than dsRNA-2b, while the effects were opposite with in vitro dsRNAs. Illumina sequencing of small RNAs from in vivo dsRNA-CP treated and non-treated tobacco plants revealed that interference with CMV infection in systemic leaves coincides with strongly reduced accumulation of virus-derived 21- and 22-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs, likely generated by tobacco DCL4 and DCL2, respectively. While the 21-nt class of viral siRNAs was predominant in non-treated plants, 21-nt and 22-nt classes accumulated at almost equal (but low) levels in dsRNA treated plants, suggesting that dsRNA treatment may boost DCL2 activity. Taken together, our findings confirm the efficacy of topical application of dsRNA for plant protection against viruses and shed more light on the mechanism of antiviral RNAi.

scholarly journals Microarray analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to single and mixed infections with Cucumber mosaic virus and turnip viruses

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
Aminallah Tahmasebi ◽  
Bahman Khahani ◽  
Elahe Tavakol ◽  
Alireza Afsharifar ◽  
Muhammad Shafiq Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Microarray Analysis ◽  
Mixed Infections

Exogenous thermospermine has an activity to induce a subset of the defense genes and restrict cucumber mosaic virus multiplication in Arabidopsis thaliana

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 1227-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. M. Sagor ◽  
Hideki Takahashi ◽  
Masaru Niitsu ◽  
Yoshihiro Takahashi ◽  
Thomas Berberich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Defense Genes

scholarly journals Seed Transmission of Cucumber Mosaic Virus in Spinach

1997 ◽  
Vol 87 (9) ◽  
pp. 924-931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanming Yang ◽  
Kyung Soo Kim ◽  
Edwin J. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Spinacia Oleracea ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Infected Male ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Healthy Female

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seed from a commercial breeding line suspected of harboring cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) was analyzed for seed transmission of the virus. Initial seed grow-out tests and enzymelinked immunosorbent assay studies indicated that CMV was present in this seed lot at a level of nearly 15%. To verify these results and gain insight into the mechanism of seed transmission, four combinations of crosses between healthy and/or infected parent plants were conducted. None of the spinach seedlings derived from crossing healthy male and healthy female plants contained CMV, whereas a portion of seedlings derived from all of the other three crosses, i.e., healthy male and infected female, infected male and healthy female, and infected male and infected female plants, were infected with CMV. The results demonstrate that CMV is seed transmitted in spinach and indicate that both male and female parent plants can serve as infection sources. Ultrastructural studies, including immunogold labeling, revealed the presence of virus particles in the cytoplasm of ovary wall cells, ovule integuments and nucellus, anther, and seed-coat cells, as well as fine fibril-containing vesicles and electron-dense inclusions of amorphous aggregates in the central vacuoles of these cells. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to amplify 860-bp cDNA fragments containing the CMV coat protein (CP) gene from the embryo, endosperm, and pollen tissues of CMV-infected plants. Taken together, these studies indicate that CMV occurs in virtually all spinach reproductive tissues. Analysis of several RT-PCR amplified and cloned CP genes and flanking sequences from parent and progeny plants revealed that the spinachinfecting CMV was a member of subgroup II. Furthermore, cDNA sequencing and restriction endonuclease mapping consistently revealed two sequence variants, designated SP103 and SP104, in most plants analyzed. These data suggest that there may have been mixed infections of two distinct, seed-transmitted CMV variants in spinach.

scholarly journals Light Intensity Modulates the Efficiency of Virus Seed Transmission through Modifications of Plant Tolerance

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuria Montes ◽  
Israel Pagán
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Seed Transmission ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Virus Multiplication ◽  
Plant Tolerance

Increased light intensity has been predicted as a major consequence of climate change. Light intensity is a critical resource involved in many plant processes, including the interaction with viruses. A central question to plant–virus interactions is understanding the determinants of virus dispersal among plants. However, very little is known on the effect of environmental factors on virus transmission, particularly through seeds. The fitness of seed-transmitted viruses is highly dependent on host reproductive potential, and requires higher virus multiplication in reproductive organs. Thus, environmental conditions that favor reduced virus virulence without controlling its level of within-plant multiplication (i.e., tolerance) may enhance seed transmission. We tested the hypothesis that light intensity conditions that enhance plant tolerance promote virus seed transmission. To do so, we challenged 18 Arabidopsis thaliana accessions with Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) under high and low light intensity. Results indicated that higher light intensity increased TuMV multiplication and/or plant tolerance, which was associated with more efficient seed transmission. Conversely, higher light intensity reduced plant tolerance and CMV multiplication, and had no effect on seed transmission. This work provides novel insights on how environmental factors modulate plant virus transmission and contributes to understand the underlying processes.

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