scholarly journals Phytochrome Effects on the Relationship between Chlorophyll and Steady-State Levels of Thylakoid Polypeptides in Light-Grown Tobacco

1990 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 370-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge J. Casal ◽  
Garry C. Whitelam ◽  
Harry Smith
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Thylakoid Polypeptides ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
The Relationship

Role of myosin phosphorylation in contractility of a platelet aggregate

1985 ◽  
Vol 249 (3) ◽  
pp. C297-C303 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Bromberg ◽  
R. W. Sevy ◽  
J. L. Daniel ◽  
L. Salganicoff
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Light Chain ◽  
Myosin Phosphorylation ◽  
Nonmuscle Cells ◽  
Platelet Aggregate ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
State Contraction ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Dose Dependent

The relationship between tension and myosin 20,000-Da light chain phosphorylation in intact nonmuscle cells was investigated using a preparation of thrombin-activated, irreversibly aggregated platelets known as the platelet strip. Steady-state levels of tension generated by the platelet strip were found to be linearly related to the level of myosin phosphorylation. This relationship was observed during dose-dependent relaxation induced by the adenylate cyclase activators prostaglandin (PG) E1 and PGI2, and during contraction induced by ADP, epinephrine, and the prostaglandin endoperoxide analogue U-46619, which did not appreciably alter the basal level of adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the preparation. The fully relaxed platelet strip, in the absence of external Ca2+, was associated with a level of 12% light chain phosphorylation, which increased to 72% on maximal contraction. During both relaxation and contraction, changes in myosin phosphorylation were also found to precede or coincide with tension changes. Furthermore, steady-state contraction induced by ADP was associated with a maintained elevation in the level of myosin phosphorylation. These results support the concept that myosin phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism for contractility in platelets.

scholarly journals Cytochrome redox states and respiratory control in mouse and beef heart mitochondria at steady-state levels of hypoxia

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 1210-1218 ◽  
Author(s):  
David K. Harrison ◽  
Mario Fasching ◽  
Mona Fontana-Ayoub ◽  
Erich Gnaiger
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Cytochrome C ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Mouse Heart ◽  
Redox States ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Cytochrome Oxidation ◽  
The Relationship

Mitochondrial control of cellular redox states is a fundamental component of cell signaling in the coordination of core energy metabolism and homeostasis during normoxia and hypoxia. We investigated the relationship between cytochrome redox states and mitochondrial oxygen consumption at steady-state levels of hypoxia in mitochondria isolated from beef and mouse heart (BHImt, MHImt), comparing two species with different cardiac dynamics and local oxygen demands. A low-noise, rapid spectrophotometric system using visible light for the measurement of cytochrome redox states was combined with high-resolution respirometry. Monophasic hyperbolic relationships were observed between oxygen consumption, JO2, and oxygen partial pressure, Po2, within the range <1.1 kPa (8.3 mmHg; 13 μM). P50 j (Po2 at 0.5· Jmax) was 0.015 ± 0.0004 and 0.021 ± 0.003 kPa (0.11 and 0.16 mmHg) for BHImt and MHImt, respectively. Maximum oxygen consumption, Jmax, was measured at saturating ADP levels (OXPHOS capacity) with Complex I-linked substrate supply. Redox states of cytochromes aa3 and c were biphasic hyperbolic functions of Po2. The relationship between cytochrome oxidation state and oxygen consumption revealed a separation of distinct phases from mild to severe and deep hypoxia. When cytochrome c oxidation increased from fully reduced to 45% oxidized at 0.1 Jmax, Po2 was as low as 0.002 kPa (0.02 μM), and trace amounts of oxygen are sufficient to partially oxidize the cytochromes. At higher Po2 under severe hypoxia, respiration increases steeply, whereas redox changes are small. Under mild hypoxia, the steep slope of oxidation of cytochrome c when flux remains more stable represents a cushioning mechanism that helps to maintain respiration high at the onset of hypoxia.

Regulation of cardiac mitochondrial calcium by average extramitochondrial calcium

1993 ◽  
Vol 265 (4) ◽  
pp. H1203-H1208 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Leisey ◽  
L. W. Grotyohann ◽  
D. A. Scott ◽  
R. C. Scaduto
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Isolated Rat Heart ◽  
Heart Mitochondria ◽  
Mitochondrial Matrix ◽  
Fura 2 ◽  
Steady State Levels ◽  
Rat Heart Mitochondria ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Matrix Free

A system to perifuse isolated rat heart mitochondria was designed to study the relationship between mitochondrial matrix free Ca2+ and extramitochondrial free Ca2+ under conditions in which the latter concentration could oscillate over a range typical of that expected in vivo. We tested the hypothesis that the level of intramitochondrial Ca2+ responds to the average extramitochondrial Ca2+ in the heart. Mitochondria were immobilized within an optical chamber for measurement of endogenous NAD(P)H and fura 2 fluorescence. NAD(P)H increased significantly on provision of substrates and decreased reversibly in the presence of ADP, indicating maintenance intact coupled respiration by this preparation. Matrix free Ca2+ was measured using fura 2-loaded mitochondria and, in parallel experiments, media free Ca2+ was measured with fura 2 in the absence of mitochondria. Oscillation of extramitochondrial Ca2+ from < 0.1 microM to approximately 2 microM at frequencies of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.25 cycles/s produced steady-state levels of matrix Ca2+ that were independent of frequency but proportional to the average media free Ca2+ concentration. Matrix Ca2+ increased to a steady state on an increase in the extramitochondrial average Ca2+ concentration with a half-time (t1/2) of approximately 2 min at 22 degrees C. Oscillation of mitochondrial Ca2+ was not observed under any conditions tested. The data are taken to indicate that in vivo, the concentration of mitochondrial matrix free Ca2+ is a steady state that is proportional to the average extramitochondrial Ca2+ concentration and that changes in the latter represent a mechanism of signal transduction from the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix.

Mast Cells as a Double-Edged Sword in Immunity: Their Function in Health and Disease. First of Two Parts

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 654-669
Author(s):  
Thea Magrone ◽  
Manrico Magrone ◽  
Emilio Jirillo
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Food Antigens ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Mast cells (MCs) have recently been re-interpreted in the context of the immune scenario in the sense that their pro-allergic role is no longer exclusive. In fact, MCs even in steady state conditions maintain homeostatic functions, producing mediators and intensively cross-talking with other immune cells. Here, emphasis will be placed on the array of receptors expressed by MCs and the variety of cytokines they produce. Then, the bulk of data discussed will provide readers with a wealth of information on the dual ability of MCs not only to defend but also to offend the host. This double attitude of MCs relies on many variables, such as their subsets, tissues of residency and type of stimuli ranging from microbes to allergens and food antigens. Finally, the relationship between MCs with basophils and eosinophils will be discussed.

scholarly journals Estimation of resistance force at steady-state sinkage for cylindrical wheel-typed lunar/planetary exploration rovers with function of push–pull locomotion

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daisuke Fujiwara ◽  
Naoki Tsujikawa ◽  
Tetsuya Oshima ◽  
Kojiro Iizuka
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Planetary Exploration ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Resistance Force ◽  
Estimation Model ◽  
Loose Soil ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistance Forces

Abstract Planetary exploration rovers have required a high traveling performance to overcome obstacles such as loose soil and rocks. Push-pull locomotion rovers is a unique scheme, like an inchworm, and it has high traveling performance on loose soil. Push-pull locomotion uses the resistance force by keeping a locked-wheel related to the ground, whereas the conventional rotational traveling uses the shear force from loose soil. The locked-wheel is a key factor for traveling in the push-pull scheme. Understanding the sinking behavior and its resistance force is useful information for estimating the rover’s performance. Previous studies have reported the soil motion under the locked-wheel, the traction, and the traveling behavior of the rover. These studies were, however, limited to the investigation of the resistance force and amount of sinkage for the particular condition depending on the rover. Additionally, the locked-wheel sinks into the soil until it obtains the required force for supporting the other wheels’ motion. How the amount of sinkage and resistance forces are generated at different wheel sizes and mass of an individual wheel has remained unclear, and its estimation method hasn’t existed. This study, therefore, addresses the relationship between the sinkage and its resistance force, and we analyze and consider this relationship via the towing experiment and theoretical consideration. The results revealed that the sinkage reached a steady-state value and depended on the contact area and mass of each wheel, and the maximum resistance force also depends on this sinkage. Additionally, the estimation model did not capture the same trend as the experimental results when the wheel width changed, whereas, the model captured a relatively the same trend as the experimental result when the wheel mass and diameter changed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document