scholarly journals Endogenous Gibberellin-Like Substances in Somatic Embryos of Grape (Vitis vinifera × Vitis rupestris) in Relation to Embryogenesis and the Chilling Requirement for Subsequent Development of Mature Embryos

1983 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiyotoshi Takeno ◽  
Masaji Koshioka ◽  
Richard P. Pharis ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
Michael G. Mullins
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Chilling Requirement ◽  
Endogenous Gibberellin ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Vitis Rupestris

scholarly journals Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Increase the Embryogenic Potential and Alter the Expression of Embryogenesis-Related and HDAC-Encoding Genes in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., cv. Mencía)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1164
Author(s):  
Óscar Martínez ◽  
Verónica Arjones ◽  
María Victoria González ◽  
Manuel Rey
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Histone Deacetylase ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors ◽  
Trichostatin A ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Molecular Response ◽  
Embryogenic Competence ◽  
Encoding Genes

The low induction rates of somatic embryogenesis are one of the main limitations in its routine application in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). The use of an induction medium containing histone deacetylase inhibitors (trichostatin A and, mainly, sodium butyrate) resulted in an improvement of the embryogenic responses in grapevine (cv. Mencía) cotyledonary and recently germinated somatic embryos. The relative expression of several grapevine genes related to embryogenic competence or encoding histone deacetylase enzymes was studied in cotyledonary somatic embryos that were cultured in the presence of 0.5 mM sodium butyrate. The results showed a significant overexpression of the BBM and VvSERK2 genes after 24 h of culture, whereas the VvWOX2 gene was underexpressed less in treated versus untreated explants. The results suggest that the inhibitor may trigger a molecular response related to an increase in embryogenic competence and changes in the expression of associated genes. The treatment with sodium butyrate also produced significant variations in the expression of several histone deacetylase enzyme-encoding genes. These results may enhance the possibility of obtaining somatic embryos, reducing the seasonal constraints associated with the use of floral explants in grapevines.

Propagation of interior spruce by somatic embryogenesis

1990 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1759-1765 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. B. Webster ◽  
D. R. Roberts ◽  
S. M. McInnis ◽  
B. C. S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Height ◽  
High Relative Humidity ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Interior Spruce ◽  
General Production

To apply somatic embryogenesis to clonal propagation of forest species, the technique must be applicable to a broad range of genotypes and allow efficient regeneration of phenotypically normal plants. Seventy-one lines (genotypes) of embryogenic cultures from six open-pollinated families were obtained by culturing immature embryos of interior spruce. Interior spruce represents a mixture of two closely related species, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss and Piceaengelmannii Parry, from the interior of British Columbia where they hydridize with one another. The abscisic acid dependent developmental profile (the proportion of rooty embryos, shooty embryos, precociously germinating embryos, and mature embryos over a range of abscisic acid concentrations) differed among genotypes, but in general, production of mature somatic embryos was highest at 40 and 60 μM abscisic acid. Treatment of mature embryos with a high relative humidity treatment resulted in partial drying of the embryos and upon rehydration, markedly enhanced germination of the eight genotypes tested. Within 1 week of being placed under germination conditions, somatic embryos treated with the high relative humidity treatment showed 80–100% germination for 12 of the genotypes, and most genotypes had germination rates of greater than 40%. Survival of "emblings" (germinants from somatic embryos) following transfer to soil, acclimatization, and first season's growth in the nursery was 80% or greater for most genotypes. Over 1200 emblings were tested for nursery performance, representing the first large-scale evaluation of conifer somatic embryos under exvitro conditions. Growth rates, final height, shoot and root morphology, and frost hardiness were similar for emblings and seedlings following the first growing season. These results indicate that somatic embryogenesis can be used for the production of planting stock for a range of interior spruce genotypes.

Morphogenic competence of Vitis rupestris S. secondary somatic embryos with a long culture history

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Martinelli ◽  
E. Candioli ◽  
D. Costa ◽  
V. Poletti ◽  
N. Rascio
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Vitis Rupestris ◽  
Culture History ◽  
Secondary Somatic Embryos

Precociously germinating somatic embryos of Vitis vinifera have lower ABA and IAA levels than their germinating zygotic counterparts

1998 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 591-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Faure ◽  
Walter Dewitte ◽  
Arlette Nougarède ◽  
Henri Van Onckelen
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Somatic Embryos

In vitro tetraploid induction via colchicine treatment from diploid somatic embryos in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 152 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. Yang ◽  
Z. Y. Cao ◽  
L. Z. An ◽  
Y. M. Wang ◽  
X. W. Fang
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L

scholarly journals Rhizogénèse de bourgeons apicaux de boutures de vigne cultivées in vitro

OENO One ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Serge Grenan
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Technical Difficulty ◽  
The Other ◽  
Standard Medium ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Vitis Rupestris ◽  
Petite Taille ◽  
Vegetative Multiplication

<p style="text-align: justify;">La multiplication végétative de la vigne cultivée <em>in vitro</em> à partir de boutures à un œil ayant 1 cm de longueur ne présente aucune difficulté technique. Par contre la propagation d'implants de plus petite taille s'avère délicate et aléatoire. Or l'élimination durable de virus thermorésistants nécessite le prélèvement (à la fin du thermotraitement) de très petites parties terminales de tiges.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Des « boutures apicales » de 2 à 5 mm de longueur de <em>Vitis Vinifera</em> variété Grenache N, et de <em>Vitis Rupestris</em>, variété Lot ont été mises en culture sur un milieu de base additionné de diverses substances de croissance. L'AIA à la concentration 10-<sup>7</sup>M s'est révélé le régulateur favorisant le mieux la rhizogénèse des « boutures apicales ». Le transfert des « boutures apicales » enracinées sur le milieu de référence facilite leur croissance.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">+++</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Vegetative multiplication of vine grown <em>in vitro</em> from one-eyed-cuttings one centimeter long, does not present any technical difficulty. On the other hand, propagation of smaller implants is difficult and (random). The trouble is durable elimination of thermoresistant virus needs picking up (at the end of heat treatment) very small shoot tips.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Apical cuttings of <em>Vitis Vinifera</em>, var. Grenache N. and of <em>Vitis Rupestris</em>, var. Lot two or five millimeters long are grown on a standard medium in which different growing substances are added. AIA at the concentration of 10-<sup>7</sup>M increases the best rhizogenesis of apical cuttings. The transfer of rooted cuttings upon the standard medium makes their growth easier.</p>

scholarly journals Changes in biochemistry and histochemical characteristics during somatic embryogenesis in Ormosia henryi Prain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoyin Wu ◽  
Xiaoli Wei ◽  
Xiao Wang ◽  
Xian Liang ◽  
Yi Wei
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Oxygen Species ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Endogenous Hormones ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Protein Granules

ABSTRACTMature embryos were used as an explant for embryogenic callus (EC) induction, and then EC was further developed to form somatic embryos during somatic embryogenesis (SE) of Ormosia henryi Prain; however, some mature embryos could induced non-embryogenic callus (NEC), browning callus (BC) or snowflake callus (SC). These phenomena might be related to the biochemical and histochemical differences during somatic embryo induction. The present study was conducted to analyze the biochemical events and histochemical changes at different SE stages in 0. henryi. The contents of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, H2O2, and endogenous hormones and the activities of polyphenoloxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) were measured at different SE stages, such as EC, globular embryo (GE), and cotyledon embryo (CE), and in abnormal tissue, such as NEC, BC, and SC. The results showed that the contents of soluble sugar and starch; the activities of PPO, SOD, APX and POD; and the ratios of indole-3-acetic acid/abscisic acid (IAA/ABA), IAA/gibberellins (IAA/GAs), auxin /GAs (AUX/GAs), and AUX/ABA decreased gradually at different SE stages. In contrast, the contents of soluble protein, H2O2, all endogenous hormones gradually increased. However, CAT activity and the ratios of IAA/cytokinins (IAA/CKs), AUX/CKs, ABA/CKs, and GAs/CKs first increased and then decreased. The high contents of GAs and ABA, high ratios of ABA/CKs and GAs/CKs and low ratios of IAA/ABA, IAA/GAs, AUX/GAs and AUX/ABA were responsible for the inability of the callus to form EC. The low enzyme activities, low contents of energy substances and H2O2 were related to NEC formation. The high contents of soluble sugar, H2O2, AUX, CKs and PPO activity and the low content of soluble protein were the basic causes of BC formation. The high-energy substances contents and low activities of SOD and POD facilitated SC formation. Histochemical observation showed that starch granule staining gradually lightened with SE development, but protein granules were darkly stained. Compared with EC, starch and protein granules were stained darker in SC, and lighter in NEC and BC. These results showed that energy substances were the material basis of SE, which affected enzyme activities, regulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism, and thus regulated the morphogenesis and development of somatic embryos. In addition, the contents and ratios of endogenous hormones affected the dedifferentiation, dedifferentiation and embryogenesis of somatic cells. To induce EC from mature embryos and further develop their formation into somatic embryos, it is necessary to adjust the energy supply and hormone ratio in the medium.One-sentence summarySomatic embryogenesis and abnormal callus tissues formation of Ormosia henryi Prain were associated with energy substances, reactive oxygen species, enzyme activities and endogenous hormones, as well as histochemical characteristics.

scholarly journals DENSITY SEPARATION OF ZYGOTIC AND SOMATIC EMBRYOS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1120e-1120
Author(s):  
Christiane Cabral Velho ◽  
Yehoshua Saranga ◽  
Jules Janick
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Somatic Embryos ◽  
Apium Graveolens ◽  
Zygotic Embryos ◽  
Density Separation ◽  
Mature Embryos ◽  
Sucrose Solutions ◽  
Maximum Conversion ◽  
Embryo Length

Density changes associated with developing zygotic embryos of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and somatic embryos of celery (Apium graveolens L.) were determined using sucrose gradients. Continuous sucrose gradients were used to evaluate relative density of loblolly pine embryos from July 25, when embryos could be microscopically observed, to November 7, 1988. Embryos density declined during development with a maximum (51% sucrose equivalent or 1.2331 g/ml) at first sampling and then remain relatively constant (10% sucrose equivalent or 1.0306 g/ml) after day 49. Density changes were inversely related to embryo length.Celery somatic embryos, cultured for 6, 8, 10, or 12 days were separated with sucrose solutions varying from 9 to 16% in 1% intervals. Embryos were classified as overmature (expanded cotyledons), mature (torpedo), and immature (globular). The number of low density embryos increased from 6 to 12 days. The highest conversion to normal seedlings after desiccation for 48 hr at 90% relative humidity was obtained with overmature and mature embryos, but some immature somatic embryos also survived. Maximum conversion was obtained from embryos with density equivalent of 12% to 14% sucrose (1.0448 g/ml to 1.0531 g/ml) at days 10 and 12.

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