scholarly journals Transparent Testa16 Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development and Is Involved in Lipid Synthesis and Embryo Development in Canola

2012 ◽  
Vol 160 (2) ◽  
pp. 978-989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Deng ◽  
Guanqun Chen ◽  
Fred Peng ◽  
Martin Truksa ◽  
Crystal L. Snyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Development ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Multiple Roles

scholarly journals The Multiple Roles of Arabinogalactan Proteins in Plant Development

2000 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Majewska-Sawka ◽  
Eugene A. Nothnagel
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Arabinogalactan Proteins ◽  
Multiple Roles

scholarly journals Functional Role of Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases in Plant Development and Stress Responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huayan Zhao ◽  
Dylan K. Kosma ◽  
Shiyou Lü
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Synthesis And Degradation ◽  
Long Chain

Fatty acids (FAs) play vital roles in plants as components of lipid membranes that demarcate cells and organelles, as sources of stored energy in the form of neutral lipids, and as signaling molecules that elicit plant responses to adverse conditions. The activation of FAs through the formation of acyl-CoA intermediates by acyl-CoA synthetase (ACS) family enzymes is required for their synthesis and degradation. Long-chain ACSs (LACSs) represent a small subgroup of ACS enzymes that specifically convert long-chain or very-long-chain FAs into corresponding thioesters for multiple lipid-associated processes. Alteration of LACS activity often results in pleiotropic phenotypes such as male sterility, organ fusion, aberrant cuticular structure, delayed seed germination, altered seed oil content, and plant capacity to respond to various environmental stresses. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of LACS family enzymes including substrate specificity, tissue-specific expression patterns, and distinct subcellular localization highlighting their specific roles in lipid synthesis and degradation, the effects of altered LACS activity on plant development, the relationship between LACS activity and stress resistance, and the regulation of LACS activity. Finally, we pose several major questions to be addressed, which would advance our current understanding of LACS function in plants.

HEN1functions pleiotropically inArabidopsisdevelopment and acts in C function in the flower

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 1085-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuemei Chen ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Yulan Cheng ◽  
Dongxuan Jia
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Leaf Shape ◽  
Reproductive Organ ◽  
Genetic Screen ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
New Gene ◽  
Rosette Leaf ◽  
Novel Protein ◽  
Floral Homeotic

Four classes of floral homeotic MADS domain proteins specify the identities of the four organ types in an Arabidopsis flower. While the activities of the MADS domain proteins are essentially confined to the flower or to the inflorescence, several genes, such as APETALA2, HUA1 and HUA2, also act outside the flower in addition to their organ identity functions inside the flower. We identified a new gene, HUA ENHANCER 1 (HEN1) from a sensitized genetic screen in the hua1-1 hua2-1 background that is compromised in floral homeotic C function. We showed that HEN1, like the C function gene AGAMOUS, acts to specify reproductive organ identities and to repress A function. HEN1 also shares AG’s non-homeotic function in controlling floral determinacy. HEN1 may achieve these functions by regulating the expression of AG. hen1 single mutants exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes such as reduced organ size, altered rosette leaf shape and increased number of coflorescences, during most stages of development. Therefore, HEN1, like the A function gene AP2, plays multiple roles in plant development as well as acting in organ identity specification in the flower. HEN1 codes for a novel protein and is expressed throughout the plant.

scholarly journals Lipid droplets fuel SARS-CoV-2 replication and production of inflammatory mediators

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009127
Author(s):  
Suelen Silva Gomes Dias ◽  
Vinicius Cardoso Soares ◽  
André C. Ferreira ◽  
Carolina Q. Sacramento ◽  
Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Intracellular Transport ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Viral Particles

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that make use of the host metabolic machineries to meet their biosynthetic needs. Thus, identifying the host pathways essential for the virus replication may lead to potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The mechanisms and pathways explored by SARS-CoV-2 to support its replication within host cells are not fully known. Lipid droplets (LD) are organelles with major functions in lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis and intracellular transport, and have multiple roles in infections and inflammation. Here we described that monocytes from COVID-19 patients have an increased LD accumulation compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative donors. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection were seen to modulate pathways of lipid synthesis and uptake as monitored by testing for CD36, SREBP-1, PPARγ, and DGAT-1 expression in monocytes and triggered LD formation in different human cell lines. LDs were found in close apposition with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and double-stranded (ds)-RNA in infected Vero cells. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero cells show viral particles colocalizing with LDs, suggestive that LDs might serve as an assembly platform. Pharmacological modulation of LD formation by inhibition of DGAT-1 with A922500 significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as reduced production of mediators pro-inflammatory response. Taken together, we demonstrate the essential role of lipid metabolic reprograming and LD formation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis, opening new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to COVID-19.

scholarly journals Lipid droplets fuel SARS-CoV-2 replication and production of inflammatory mediators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suelen da Silva Gomes Dias ◽  
Vinicius Cardoso Soares ◽  
André C. Ferreira ◽  
Carolina Q. Sacramento ◽  
Natalia Fintelman-Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Lipid Droplets ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Intracellular Parasites ◽  
Infected Cells

AbstractViruses are obligate intracellular parasites that make use of the host metabolic machineries to meet their biosynthetic needs, identifying the host pathways essential for the virus replication may lead to potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The mechanisms and pathways explored by SARS-CoV-2 to support its replication within host cells are not fully known. Lipid droplets (LD) are organelles with major functions in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and have multiple roles in infections and inflammation. Here we described that monocytes from COVID-19 patients have an increased LD accumulation compared to SARS-CoV-2 negative donors. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection modulates pathways of lipid synthesis and uptake, including CD36, SREBP-1, PPARγ and DGAT-1 in monocytes and triggered LD formation in different human cells. LDs were found in close apposition with SARS-CoV-2 proteins and double-stranded (ds)-RNA in infected cells. Pharmacological modulation of LD formation by inhibition of DGAT-1 with A922500 significantly inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Taken together, we demonstrate the essential role of lipid metabolic reprograming and LD formation in SARS-CoV-2 replication and pathogenesis, opening new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to COVID-19.

Fine Structural Localization of Acyltransferases Involved in Lipid Synthesis in Intestinal Mucosa.

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
R. J. Barrnett ◽  
J. A. Higgins
Keyword(s):  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Mucosal Cell ◽  
Structural Localization ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Mucosal Cells ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Sh Group ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Intestinal Mucosal Cells

The main products of intestinal hydrolysis of dietary triglycerides are free fatty acids and monoglycerides. These form micelles from which the lipids are absorbed across the mucosal cell brush border. Biochemical studies have indicated that intestinal mucosal cells possess a triglyceride synthesising system, which uses monoglyceride directly as an acylacceptor as well as the system found in other tissues in which alphaglycerophosphate is the acylacceptor. The former pathway is used preferentially for the resynthesis of triglyceride from absorbed lipid, while the latter is used mainly for phospholipid synthesis. Both lipids are incorporated into chylomicrons. Morphological studies have shown that during fat absorption there is an initial appearance of fat droplets within the cisternae of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and that these subsequently accumulate in the golgi elements from which they are released at the lateral borders of the cell as chylomicrons.We have recently developed several methods for the fine structural localization of acyltransferases dependent on the precipitation, in an electron dense form, of CoA released during the transfer of the acyl group to an acceptor, and have now applied these methods to a study of the fine structural localization of the enzymes involved in chylomicron lipid biosynthesis. These methods are based on the reduction of ferricyanide ions by the free SH group of CoA.

Microchemistry of ZnO Varistors

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1694-1695
Author(s):  
K. K. Soni ◽  
J. Hwang ◽  
V. P. Dravid ◽  
T. O. Mason ◽  
R. Levi-Setti
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Grain Boundary Engineering ◽  
Ion Microprobe ◽  
Dopant Distribution ◽  
Important Ingredient ◽  
Zno Varistor ◽  
Zno Varistors ◽  
Zno Powder ◽  
The University

ZnO varistors are made by mixing semiconducting ZnO powder with powders of other metal oxides e.g. Bi2O3, Sb2O3, CoO, MnO2, NiO, Cr2O3, SiO2 etc., followed by conventional pressing and sintering. The non-linear I-V characteristics of ZnO varistors result from the unique properties that the grain boundaries acquire as a result of dopant distribution. Each dopant plays important and sometimes multiple roles in improving the properties. However, the chemical nature of interfaces in this material is formidable mainly because often trace amounts of dopants are involved. A knowledge of the interface microchemistry is an essential component in the ‘grain boundary engineering’ of materials. The most important ingredient in this varistor is Bi2O3 which envelopes the ZnO grains and imparts high resistance to the grain boundaries. The solubility of Bi in ZnO is very small but has not been experimentally determined as a function of temperature.In this study, the dopant distribution in a commercial ZnO varistor was characterized by a scanning ion microprobe (SIM) developed at The University of Chicago (UC) which offers adequate sensitivity and spatial resolution.

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