Coulomb gauge Gribov copies and the confining potential

We examine the relation between Coulomb-gauge fields and the gauge-invariant fields constructed in the temporal gauge for two-color QCD by comparing a variety of properties, including their equal-time commutation rules and those of their conjugate chromoelectric fields. We also express the temporal-gauge Hamiltonian in terms of gauge-invariant fields and show that it can be interpreted as a sum of the Coulomb-gauge Hamiltonian and another part that is important for determining the equations of motion of temporal-gauge fields, but that can never affect the time evolution of "physical" state vectors. We also discuss multiplicities of gauge-invariant temporal-gauge fields that belong to different topological sectors and that, in a previous work, were shown to be based on the same underlying gauge-dependent temporal-gauge fields. We argue that these multiplicities of gauge-invariant fields are manifestations of the Gribov ambiguity. We show that the differential equation that bases the multiplicities of gauge-invariant fields on their underlying gauge-dependent temporal-gauge fields has nonlinearities identical to those of the "Gribov" equation, which demonstrates the nonuniqueness of Coulomb-gauge fields. These multiplicities of gauge-invariant fields — and, hence, Gribov copies — appear in the temporal gauge, but only with the imposition of Gauss' law and the implementation of gauge invariance; they do not arise when the theory is represented in terms of gauge-dependent fields and Gauss' law is left unimplemented.

Download Full-text

Gauss-Bonnet brane gravity with a confining potential

Physical Review D ◽

10.1103/physrevd.75.064010 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 75 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. Heydari-Fard ◽

H. R. Sepangi

Keyword(s):

Confining Potential ◽

Brane Gravity

Download Full-text

Effective Dielectric Function of Porous Silicon: the Transverse Component

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-358-49 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 358 ◽

Author(s):

G. Gumbs

Keyword(s):

Absorption Spectrum ◽

Absorption Coefficient ◽

Electron Density ◽

Quantum Wires ◽

Interband Transition ◽

Incident Light ◽

Transverse Component ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

High Electron ◽

Confining Potential

ABSTRACTA self-consistent many-body theory is developed to study the effect of temperature and electron density on the interband absorption coefficient and the frequency-dependent refractive index for an array of isolated quantum wires. The peaks in the absorption coefficient correspond to interband transitions resulting in the resonant absorption of light. The oscillations in the derivative spectrum are due to the quantization of the energy levels related to the in-plane confining potential for such reduced dimensional systems. There are appreciable changes in the absorption spectrum when the electron density or temperature is increased. One interband transition peak is suppressed in the high electron density limit and the thermal depopulation effect on the electron subbands can be easily seen when the temperature is high. We also find that the exciton coupling weakens the shoulder features in the absorption spectrum. This study is relevant to optical characterization of the confining potential and the areal density of electrons using photoreflectance. By using incident light with tunable frequencies in the interband excitation regime, contactless photoreflectance measurements may be carried out and the data compared with our calculations. By fitting the numerical results to the peak positions of the photoreflectance spectrum, the number of electrons in each wire may be extracted.

Download Full-text

Study of Gribov copies in a Yang-Mills ensemble

Physical Review D ◽

10.1103/physrevd.103.114010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 103 (11) ◽

Author(s):

D. Fiorentini ◽

D. R. Junior ◽

L. E. Oxman ◽

G. M. Simões ◽

R. F. Sobreiro

Keyword(s):

Yang Mills ◽

Gribov Copies

Download Full-text

Shift a laser beam back and forth to exchange heat and work in thermodynamics

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83824-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John A. C. Albay ◽

Zhi-Yi Zhou ◽

Cheng-Hung Chang ◽

Yonggun Jun

Keyword(s):

Optical Feedback ◽

Brownian Particle ◽

Time Varying ◽

Optical Technique ◽

Work Related ◽

Engine Efficiency ◽

Confining Potential ◽

Equipartition Theorem ◽

Virtual Temperature ◽

High Flexibility

AbstractAlthough the equivalence of heat and work has been unveiled since Joule’s ingenious experiment in 1845, they rarely originate from the same source in experiments. In this study, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrated how to use a high-precision optical feedback trap to combine the generation of virtual temperature and potential to simultaneously manipulate the heat and work of a small system. This idea was applied to a microscopic Stirling engine consisting of a Brownian particle under a time-varying confining potential and temperature. The experimental results justified the position and the velocity equipartition theorem, confirmed several theoretically predicted energetics, and revealed the engine efficiency as well as its trade-off relation with the output power. The small theory–experiment discrepancy and high flexibility of the swift change of the particle condition highlight the advantage of this optical technique and prove it to be an efficient way for exploring heat and work-related issues in the modern thermodynamics for small systems.

Download Full-text

The Non-Relativistic Many-Body Quantum-Mechanical Hamiltonian with Diamagnetic Current-Current Interaction

International Journal of Theoretical Physics ◽

10.1007/s10773-021-04842-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ladislaus Alexander Bányai

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Analogous Result ◽

Charged Particles ◽

Coulomb Gauge ◽

Quantum Mechanical ◽

Photon Propagator ◽

Coulomb Interactions ◽

Many Body ◽

Transverse Current ◽

Current Interaction

AbstractWe extend the standard solid-state quantum mechanical Hamiltonian containing only Coulomb interactions between the charged particles by inclusion of the (transverse) current-current diamagnetic interaction starting from the non-relativistic QED restricted to the states without photons and neglecting the retardation in the photon propagator. This derivation is supplemented with a derivation of an analogous result along the non-rigorous old classical Darwin-Landau-Lifshitz argumentation within the physical Coulomb gauge.

Download Full-text