The Value of Circular Definitions

Physics ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anonymous
Keyword(s):  
Circular Definitions

Circular definitions and analyticity

Inquiry ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 5 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 158-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Setsuo Saito
Keyword(s):  
Circular Definitions

Comparing Inductive and Circular Definitions: Parameters, Complexity and Games

Studia Logica ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Uwe Küdhnberger ◽  
Benedikt Löwe ◽  
Michael Möllerfeld ◽  
Philip Welch
Keyword(s):  
Circular Definitions

scholarly journals iWordNet: A New Approach to Cognitive Science and Artificial Intelligence

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Chang ◽  
Monica Chang
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cognitive Science ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
External Representation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Statistical Property ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
State Of Mind

One of the main challenges in artificial intelligence or computational linguistics is understanding the meaning of a word or concept. We argue that the connotation of the term “understanding,” or the meaning of the word “meaning,” is merely a word mapping game due to unavoidable circular definitions. These circular definitions arise when an individual defines a concept, the concepts in its definition, and so on, eventually forming a personalized network of concepts, which we call an iWordNet. Such an iWordNet serves as an external representation of an individual’s knowledge and state of mind at the time of the network construction. As a result, “understanding” and knowledge can be regarded as a calculable statistical property of iWordNet topology. We will discuss the construction and analysis of the iWordNet, as well as the proposed “Path of Understanding” in an iWordNet that characterizes an individual’s understanding of a complex concept such as a written passage. In our pilot study of 20 subjects we used a regression model to demonstrate that the topological properties of an individual’s iWordNet are related to his IQ score, a relationship that suggests iWordNets as a potential new methodology to studying cognitive science and artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals The Homeostatic Logic of Reward

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Morville ◽  
Karl Friston ◽  
Denis Burdakov ◽  
Hartwig R. Siebner ◽  
Oliver J. Hulme
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Active Inference ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Homeostatic Control ◽  
Dopaminergic Cells ◽  
Time Horizons ◽  
Metabolic States ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractEnergy homeostasis depends on behavior to predictively regulate metabolic states within narrow bounds. Here we review three theories of homeostatic control and ask how they provide insight into the circuitry underlying energy homeostasis. We offer two contributions. First, we detail how control theory and reinforcement learning are applied to homeostatic control. We show how these schemes rest on implausible assumptions; either via circular definitions, unprincipled drive functions, or by ignoring environmental volatility. We argue active inference can elude these shortcomings while retaining important features of each model. Second, we review the neural basis of energetic control. We focus on a subset of arcuate subpopulations that project directly to, and are thus in a privileged position to opponently modulate, dopaminergic cells as a function of energetic predictions over a spectrum of time horizons. We discuss how this can be interpreted under these theories, and how this can resolve paradoxes that have arisen. We propose this circuit constitutes a homeostatic-reward interface that underwrites the conjoint optimisation of physiological and behavioural homeostasis.

scholarly journals Semantic Meaning in Attitudinal Lexemes in the Domain of Kesenangan (Joy) in Indonesian: An Analysis of Meaning Components and Lexical Relation

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Prima Gusti Yanti ◽  
Fairul Zabadi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Semantic Theory ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Semantic Meaning ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
Language Data ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
The Common ◽  
Lexical Relations

The attitudinal lexeme on the domain of kesenangan in Indonesia language has not shown such clear meaning relationship, for both the common and diagnostic meaning of the lexemes. Those lexemes have such circular definitions, confusing upon their use. This study is conducted using a qualitative research approach employing content analysis technique. The aim of this study is to find out lexical relation and semantic meaning in attitudinal lexeme in the domain of kesenangan (joy) in Indonesian language. Data is collected from seven Indonesian dictionaries, two magazines, five newspapers, and six literary works. All data is analyzed using a component analysis in the semantic theory. The research findings show that fourteen (14) lexemes (senang, nikmat, enak, puas, asyik, sukacita, ria, bangga, lega, bahagia, gembira, girang, riang, and ceria) of attitudinal lexemes are related with the domain of kesenangan. The result shows that hyponymy and synonymy lexical relations occur in the domain of kesenangan. Synonymy relation consists of near-synonymy and propositional synonymy. In this case, absolute synonymy is not found. 

The Intelligibility of the Universe

2001 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 73-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Redhead
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
Intrinsic Nature ◽  
Larry Laudan ◽  
Circular Definitions ◽  
Real Objects ◽  
Aristotelian Science ◽  
Mathematical Equations ◽  
Formal Relations ◽  
The Universe

Hume famously warned us that the ‘[The] ultimate springs and principles are totally shut up from human curiosity and enquiry’. Or, again, Newton: ‘Hitherto I have not been able to discover the cause of these properties of gravity … and I frame no hypotheses.’ Aristotelian science was concerned with just such questions, the specification of occult qualities, the real essences that answer the question What is matter, etc?, the preoccupation with circular definitions such as dormative virtues, and so on. The rise of modern science is usually seen as a break with the sterility of Aristotelianism, so what exactly is it that modern science does discover, if it is not the essential nature of matter, of force, of energy, of space and time? A famous answer was provided by Poincaré: ‘The true relations between these real objects are the only reality we can attain.’ This is often regarded as the manifesto of so-called structural realism, as espoused in recent years by John Worrall, for example (cp. his (1989)). In response to the arguments of Larry Laudan (1982) against convergent realism, Worrall points to the continuity in the formal relations between elements of reality expressed by mathematical equations, while the intrinsic nature of these elements of reality gets constantly revised.

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