Iron alum (5%)

doi:10.1101/pdb.rec11387

The Chromosome Numbers of certain Barnacles in British Waters

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-99.48.497 ◽

1958 ◽

Vol s3-99 (48) ◽

pp. 497-504

Author(s):

A. P. AUSTIN ◽

D. J. CRISP ◽

A. M. PATIL

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Mantle Cavity ◽

Polar Bodies ◽

Iron Alum ◽

Cytological Changes

The chromosome numbers of nine species of sessile barnacles have been determined from squashes of young embryos stained by an iron alum aceto-carmine method. All the species of Balanus examined, and Elminius modestus had a diploid count of 32 chromosomes. Chthamalus stellatus and Verruca stroemia had each 30 chromosomes. Meiosis occurs after the egg passes into the mantle cavity, and the cytological changes accompanying the extrusion of the two polar bodies are figured.

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Memoirs: A Cytological Study of the Gregarine Parasites of Tenebrio Molitor, using the Ultra-Centrifuge

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s2-80.318.293 ◽

1938 ◽

Vol s2-80 (318) ◽

pp. 293-319

Author(s):

MARGARET I. DANIELS

Keyword(s):

Methylene Blue ◽

Osmium Tetroxide ◽

Picric Acid ◽

Life Cycles ◽

Fatty Material ◽

Negative Results ◽

Sudan Iv ◽

Iron Alum ◽

Feulgen Technique ◽

Mealworm Larvae

A. Three gregarine species are found to inhabit the mid-gut of the mealworm larvae used: Gregarina cuneata Stein, Gregarina polymorpha Hamm, and Gregarina steini Berndt. The often described Steinina ovalis is probably seldom or never found. They live only in the mid-gut of larvae. They are never found in pupal or adult forms. Gregarines have been seen moving when in a stratified condition. B. The gregarine cytoplasm has five important inclusions, each having a characteristic position in a centrifuged animal (Text-fig. 2). 1. Paraglycogen.--This gives a dark brown colour with iodine, a pinkish general colour with the acid fuchsin of the Feulgen technique, and often a red colour with Bauer's reaction. It occupies the centrifugal pole of the centrifuged cell and is in the form of disc-like granules of varying size. 2. In young centrifuged Gregarina steini chromidial granules are seen in the paraglycogen area, and have, therefore, approximately the same specific gravity. They arise by karyosomic budding with the subsequent extrusion of these buds into the cytoplasm. They stain with iron alum haematoxylin, like the karyosome, and both give a negative result with the Feulgen test for thymonucleic acid. They probably correspond to Joyet-Lavergne's ‘albuminoid reserves’, but do not have the mitochondrial‘cap’ he describes. 3. Mitochondria.--These are usually granular, but sometimes rod-like. They are seen between the ‘alveoli’ formed by the paraglycogen granules. They lie distally to the paraglycogen in a centrifuged parasite; they stain by the iron alum haematoxylin long method, after Benoit, Champy, or Altmann fixation, also with Altmann's fuchsin picric acid stain and the Bensley Cowdry modification of it. 4. The Nucleus is karyosomic, and the karyosome is moved to the centrifugal pole by pressure as is the nucleolus of metazoan cells. The nucleus shows budding of the karyosome. There is plasmatic as well as chromatic material in the karyosome, as shown by centrifuging. The nucleus gives a negative result with Feulgen's nuclear reaction, but chromatin may exist in a very dispersed condition. 5. Golgi Material.--This lies at the centripetal end of the nucleus. It is best shown by Weigl fixation. The large and regular Golgi elements are slightly heavier than the granular Golgi material, which may be compared with that of young oocytes. 6. Fatty Material lies at the extreme centripetal pole of the cell, in globules of varying size. It becomes brown or black after treatment with osmium tetroxide, and vivid cherry red with Sudan IV. It gives a negative result with the Schultz reaction for cholestrol. C. Large globules are seen in the protomerite of Gregarina steini , eosinophile, sometimes fuchsinophile, and also staining with methylene blue. These move towards the centrifugal pole. Methylene blue preparations show blue granules among the paraglycogen granules in the centrifuged animal. They are remarkably resistant to dilute sulphuric acid. They are possibly allied to volutin or chromidia. Tests for the presence of Vitamin C yielded negative results. Only the inclusions of the gregarines in the gut lumen were studied, and the complete life-cycles of the species were not followed out.

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Hematoxylin: a simple, multiple-use dye for chromosome analysis

Genetics and Molecular Biology ◽

10.1590/s1415-47571999000100016 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 77-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Marcelo Guerra

Keyword(s):

Reproducibility Of Results ◽

Plant Cells ◽

Chromosome Analysis ◽

Technical Aspect ◽

Multiple Use ◽

High Reproducibility ◽

Iron Alum ◽

Cytogenetical Analysis

A staining mixture of hematoxylin-iron alum combined with a strong hydrochloric hydrolysis was successfully applied for chromosome observation of several kinds of plants and some animals. Slightly different procedures were developed for different materials and objectives. For plant cells, the most important technical aspect was the use of 5 N HCl hydrolysis, which resulted in a very transparent cytoplasm, combined with an intense, specific hematoxylin stain. This technique is recommended for cytogenetical analysis in general, and it is especially indicated for practical classes, due to its simplicity and high reproducibility of results. Moreover, the deep contrast observed makes this technique very useful for sequential staining of cells previously analyzed with other stains, as well as for materials with fixation problems.

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A FIBER APPARATUS IN THE NUCLEUS OF THE YEAST CELL

The Journal of Cell Biology ◽

10.1083/jcb.29.1.129 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 129-151 ◽

Cited By ~ 216

Author(s):

C. F. Robinow ◽

J. Marak

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Dense Matter ◽

Short Fiber ◽

Yeast Cells ◽

Acid Fuchsin ◽

Fine Grained ◽

New Information ◽

Thin Electron ◽

Iron Alum

The structure and mode of division of the nucleus of budding yeast cells have been studied by phase-contrast microscopy during life and by ordinary microscopy after Helly fixation. The components of the nucleus were differentially stained by the Feulgen procedure, with Giemsa solution after hydrolysis, and with iron alum haematoxylin. New information was obtained in cells fixed in Helly's by directly staining them with 0.005% acid fuchsin in 1% acetic acid in water. Electron micrographs have been made of sections of cells that were first fixed with 3% glutaraldehyde, then divested of their walls with snail juice, and postfixed with osmium tetroxide. Light and electron microscopy have given concordant information about the organization of the yeast nucleus. A peripheral segment of the nucleus is occupied by relatively dense matter (the "peripheral cluster" of Mundkur) which is Feulgen negative. The greater part of the nucleus is filled with fine-grained Feulgen-positive matter of low density in which chromosomes could not be identified. Chromosomes become visible in this region under the light microscope at meiosis. In the chromatin lies a short fiber with strong affinity for acid fuchsin. The nucleus divides by elongation and constriction, and during this process the fiber becomes long and thin. Electron microscopy has resolved it into a bundle of dark-edged 150 to 180 A filaments which extends between "centriolar plaques" that are attached to the nuclear envelope.

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The Chromosome Numbers and Nuclear Cytology of Some Common British Serpulids

Journal of Cell Science ◽

10.1242/jcs.s3-101.56.395 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol s3-101 (56) ◽

pp. 395-400

Author(s):

S. DASGUPTA ◽

A. P. AUSTIN

Keyword(s):

Chromosome Number ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Somatic Cells ◽

Diploid Chromosome Number ◽

Iron Alum ◽

Artificial Fertilization ◽

Nuclear Cytology

The chromosome numbers of Hydroides norvegica, Mercierella enigmatica, and Pomatoceros triqueter were determined from squashes of somatic cells in young embryos obtained by artificial fertilization, and stained with iron-alum/aceto-carmine. All had a diploid count of zn = 26 chromosomes. Mitotic and meiotic divisions in the 5 species of Spirorbis examined, and in Filograna implexa, all revealed a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20. A diploid chromosome number of 14 is suggested for the ancestral serpulid.

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The Full Extent

The Piltdown Forgery ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198607809.003.0012 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

J. S. Weiner ◽

Chris Stringer

Keyword(s):

Crystal Structure ◽

Organic Matter ◽

Detectable Change ◽

Full Extent ◽

Great Range ◽

Ferric Ammonium ◽

Iron Sulphate ◽

Iron Alum ◽

Chromium Compounds ◽

Iron Impregnation

Almost any single one of the techniques employed in the investigations suffices to reveal the elaborateness of the deception which was perpetrated at Piltdown. The anatomical examination, the tests for fluorine and nitrogen bear particularly good witness to this; even the radio-activity results taken alone, led the physicists to remark on the ‘great range of activity shown by specimens from this one little site’; ‘it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that the different bones in the Piltdown assemblage have had very different geological and chemical histories’. We have merely to take account of the stained condition of the whole assemblage, to realize the thoroughness of the fraud. From the Vandyke brown colour of the unnaturally abraded canine we infer with certainty that it was deliberately ‘planted’. The superficiality of the iron impregnation, combined with the chromium, tells as much as regards the orang jaw. And it is this iron-staining which finally shows that the rest, human and animal, was without doubt, all ‘planted’. The iron-staining has two peculiar features. It seems probable that ferric ammonium sulphate (iron alum) was the salt employed. This salt is slightly acid. The peculiarity of this salt (and, indeed, of any acid sulphate) is that in bone which contains little organic matter such as the cranium of Piltdown I, or Piltdown II, the beaver bones and hippo teeth, it brings about a detectable change in the crystal structure of the bone. In the apatite in which the calcium of the bone is held, the phosphate is replaced by sulphate to form gypsum. This change is quite unnatural, for neither gypsum nor sufficient sulphate occur in the gravels at Piltdown to bring it about. So the iron-sulphate-staining is an integral part of the forger’s necessary technique. He also used chromium compounds to aid the iron-staining probably because he thought it would assist the production of iron oxide. Chromium compounds are oxidizing. The basic strategy underlying the Piltdown series of forgeries now seems reasonably clear. Two main elements in the plan taken together explain nearly all the features of the affair quite satisfactorily.

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