INT (Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride)

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 (6) ◽  
pp. pdb.caut2747-pdb.caut2747
Keyword(s):  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride

Colorimetry of diaphorase in commercial preparations and clinical chemical reagents by use of tetrazolium salts.

1981 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1686-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
F J Gella ◽  
M T Olivella ◽  
F Pegueroles ◽  
J Gener
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Concentration ◽  
Tetrazolium Salts ◽  
Chemical Reagents ◽  
Diaphorase Activity ◽  
Linear Kinetics ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Clinical Chemical ◽  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride

Abstract We describe a procedure for assay of diaphorase activity in commercial purified preparations and in clinical chemical reagents by use of iodonitrotetrazolium chloride or other tetrazolium salts. The method is based on measurement of the formazan produced by enzymic reduction of tetrazolium salts in the presence of NADH. The assay procedure has been optimized for linear kinetics, simplicity of operation, nondetectable blank rates, and extended activity/enzyme concentration proportionality. The proposed method has several advantages over the older assay by use of dichlorophenolindophenol.

Application of Chemical Kinetics Methods to the Study of Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride Reduction in the Presence of Bacillus subtilis Cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
A. A. Kalinina ◽  
A. S. Makedoshin ◽  
S. Yu. Radostin ◽  
N. V. Gursky ◽  
T. N. Sokolova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Chemical Kinetics ◽  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride

scholarly journals The Effect of Growth Medium Strength on Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations of Tannins and Tannin Extracts against E. coli

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 2947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Štumpf ◽  
Gregor Hostnik ◽  
Mateja Primožič ◽  
Maja Leitgeb ◽  
Juha-Pekka Salminen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Medium ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Relative Order ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Medium Strength ◽  
Pure Compounds ◽  
First Time ◽  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride

In this study the effect of growth medium strength on the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different tannins and tannin extracts against Escherichia coli was systematically investigated for the first time. Three pure compounds (vescalagin, castalagin and gallic acid) and five extracts (chestnut, quebracho, mimosa, Colistizer and tannic acid) were studied. Broth microdilution was assayed and bacteria were grown using different growth medium strengths varying from half to double the concentration recommended by the producer. MICs were determined using the iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) dye or turbidity measurements. It was observed that MIC values depend on the growth medium strength. With an increase in the growth medium concentration MIC values rose roughly linearly for all samples, while their relative order remained unchanged, indicating that a direct interaction of tannins with growth medium nutrients represents the likely source of their antimicrobial activity. Understanding the effect of growth medium strength can finally yield a plausible explanation for the observed variation in MIC values reported in the scientific literature as well as provide help in planning proper applications of tannins in the livestock production.

scholarly journals Susceptibility of Campylobacter Strains to Selected Natural Products and Frontline Antibiotics

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 790
Author(s):  
Noel Gahamanyi ◽  
Dae-Geun Song ◽  
Kwang Hyun Cha ◽  
Kye-Yoon Yoon ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
Action Mechanisms ◽  
Resistant Strains ◽  
Campylobacter Species ◽  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride

Campylobacter species have developed resistance to existing antibiotics. The development of alternative therapies is, therefore, a necessity. This study evaluates the susceptibility of Campylobacter strains to selected natural products (NPs) and frontline antibiotics. Two C. jejuni strains (ATCC® 33560TM and MT947450) and two C. coli strains (ATCC® 33559TM and MT947451) were used. The antimicrobial potential of the NPs, including plant extracts, essential oils, and pure phytochemicals, was evaluated by broth microdilution. The growth was measured by spectrophotometry and iodonitrotetrazolium chloride. Antibiotic resistance genes (tet(O) and gyrA) were characterized at the molecular level. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) ranged from 25 to 1600 µg/mL. Cinnamon oil, (E)-Cinnamaldehyde, clove oil, eugenol, and baicalein had the lowest MIC and MBC values (25–100 µg/mL). MT947450 and MT947451 were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin but resistant to quinolones and tetracycline. Mutations in gyrA and tet(O) genes from resistant strains were confirmed by sequencing. The findings show that NPs are effective against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Campylobacter strains. The resistance to antibiotics was confirmed at phenotypic and genotypic levels. This merits further studies to decipher the action mechanisms and synergistic activities of NPs.

Comparison of ReO4− and TcO4− in solvent extraction systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-449
Author(s):  
Cecilia Eiroa-Lledo ◽  
Lindsey Lecrivain ◽  
T. Gannon Parker ◽  
Donald E. Wall ◽  
Nathalie A. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Tetraphenylphosphonium Chloride ◽  
Iodonitrotetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Scarce Data

AbstractThe suitability of perrhenate (Re(VII)) to act as an analog for pertechnetate (Tc(VII)) was tested using solvent extraction and the carrier/tracer systems 99Tc(VII)/99mTc(VII) and 185/187Re/186/188Re(VII). Perrhenate is often used as a non-radioactive analogue of pertechnetate, but scarce data is available for the comparison of these metals for liquid-liquid extraction applications. Results show that neither Tc(VII) nor Re(VII) extraction is influenced by pH in the 2–8 range. The anion extractant also separates electrolyte anions, with increasing extraction following the order Cl− < NO3− ≪ ClO4−, resulting in a decreased Tc(VII) and Re(VII) extraction in presence of salt. In particular, the extraction of Re and Tc is suppressed in presence of NaCl at concentrations higher than 1 mM. While Tc extraction is larger than that of Re in absence of electrolyte, they are statistically identical in presence of enough electrolyte. Furthermore, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride (Ph4PCl) is a stronger extractant than iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT).

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